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<p>The growing global energy demand, particularly in large public infrastructures, necessitates a transition toward more sustainable and cost-effective energy solutions. This study investigates a large load profile of Makkah railway station to identify the optimal system that minimizes cost and environmental impact while maintaining energy reliability. Two hybrid renewable configurations are proposed: (1) Grid-connected Photovoltaic (PV/grid) and (2) PV/battery/grid. Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Energy Resources (HOMER) software was used to carry out the study. Simulation results reveal that the PV/grid system is the most effective configuration, achieving a Net Present Cost (NPC) of 27.9&#xa0;million USD and a Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) of 0.0755 USD/kWh. This setup ensures 0% unmet load and delivers a renewable fraction of 26.7%, leading to a 26.72% reduction in Carbon dioxide emissions (CO₂ emissions) compared to the grid-only baseline. Its Internal Rate of Return (IRR) stood at 9.3%, confirming its strong financial sustainability. This makes it both a cost-effective and environmentally favorable choice. It is therefore recommended for high-load public facilities in solar-rich regions like Saudi Arabia, where integration of renewable energy is essential to achieving long-term sustainability targets under initiatives such as Vision 2030.</p>

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Optimal distributed PV system assessment for renewable energy based microgrid application in Makkah, Saudi Arabia

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月31日

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  • Mohammed Abdullh Binmahfouz,
  • Makbul A. M. Ramli,
  • Ahmad H. Milyani

摘要

The growing global energy demand, particularly in large public infrastructures, necessitates a transition toward more sustainable and cost-effective energy solutions. This study investigates a large load profile of Makkah railway station to identify the optimal system that minimizes cost and environmental impact while maintaining energy reliability. Two hybrid renewable configurations are proposed: (1) Grid-connected Photovoltaic (PV/grid) and (2) PV/battery/grid. Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Energy Resources (HOMER) software was used to carry out the study. Simulation results reveal that the PV/grid system is the most effective configuration, achieving a Net Present Cost (NPC) of 27.9 million USD and a Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) of 0.0755 USD/kWh. This setup ensures 0% unmet load and delivers a renewable fraction of 26.7%, leading to a 26.72% reduction in Carbon dioxide emissions (CO₂ emissions) compared to the grid-only baseline. Its Internal Rate of Return (IRR) stood at 9.3%, confirming its strong financial sustainability. This makes it both a cost-effective and environmentally favorable choice. It is therefore recommended for high-load public facilities in solar-rich regions like Saudi Arabia, where integration of renewable energy is essential to achieving long-term sustainability targets under initiatives such as Vision 2030.