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<p>The aromatic compounds 2-phenylethanol (2-PE) and 2-phenylethyl acetate (2-PEA) are of high industrial relevance due to their distinctive sensory properties and extensive use in food, fragrance, and wine industries. However, their natural production is costly, motivating interest in sustainable microbial alternatives. This study examined the metabolic regulation of <i>Kluyveromyces marxianus</i> ITD0090, a non-conventional yeast, under nitrogen-limited conditions for enhanced 2-PE and 2-PEA production. Combined genomic and transcriptomic analyses revealed key regulatory points associated with aromatic biosynthesis. <i>K. marxianus</i> ITD0090 showed remarkable metabolic flexibility, favoring 2-PEA over 2-PE. <i>ARO9</i> overexpression appeared to compensate for <i>ARO8</i> inactivation, while the shikimate pathway remained active despite external L-phenylalanine, supporting <i>de novo</i> phenylalanine synthesis. The preferential accumulation of 2-PEA may represent a cellular detoxification strategy. These results emphasize the potential of <i>K. marxianus</i> ITD0090 as a robust, non-engineered platform for cost-effective aroma production without genetic modification or expensive supplementation. This work provides novel insights into alternative metabolic strategies in non-conventional yeasts and opens perspectives for optimizing nitrogen- and carbon-regulated pathways to improve the sustainable production of natural flavor compounds.</p>

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Endogenous pathway dysregulation in Kluyveromyces marxianus under nitrogen limitation drives 2-phenylethyl acetate and 2-phenylethanol overproduction

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月23日

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  • Katia J. González-Lozano,
  • Olga M. Rutiaga-Quiñones,
  • Sofía N. Rodríguez-Flores,
  • Silvia M. Contreras-Ramos,
  • Jacobo Rodríguez-Campos,
  • Elva T. Aréchiga-Carvajal

摘要

The aromatic compounds 2-phenylethanol (2-PE) and 2-phenylethyl acetate (2-PEA) are of high industrial relevance due to their distinctive sensory properties and extensive use in food, fragrance, and wine industries. However, their natural production is costly, motivating interest in sustainable microbial alternatives. This study examined the metabolic regulation of Kluyveromyces marxianus ITD0090, a non-conventional yeast, under nitrogen-limited conditions for enhanced 2-PE and 2-PEA production. Combined genomic and transcriptomic analyses revealed key regulatory points associated with aromatic biosynthesis. K. marxianus ITD0090 showed remarkable metabolic flexibility, favoring 2-PEA over 2-PE. ARO9 overexpression appeared to compensate for ARO8 inactivation, while the shikimate pathway remained active despite external L-phenylalanine, supporting de novo phenylalanine synthesis. The preferential accumulation of 2-PEA may represent a cellular detoxification strategy. These results emphasize the potential of K. marxianus ITD0090 as a robust, non-engineered platform for cost-effective aroma production without genetic modification or expensive supplementation. This work provides novel insights into alternative metabolic strategies in non-conventional yeasts and opens perspectives for optimizing nitrogen- and carbon-regulated pathways to improve the sustainable production of natural flavor compounds.