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<p>We develop a comprehensive theoretical framework to enhance nonlinear optical responses in two-dimensional (2D) materials, such as graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), by inducing topological phase transitions using intense laser fields. Employing Floquet engineering, we demonstrate that laser-driven topological edge states significantly boost second-harmonic generation (SHG) and third-harmonic generation (THG) efficiencies, enabling advanced photonic devices and nonlinear spectroscopy. We derive novel scaling laws for SHG (<InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41598_2025_20156_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="99" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\eta _{\text {SHG}} \propto \omega ^6 / I^3\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>) and THG (<InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41598_2025_20156_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="107" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\eta _{\text {THG}} \propto \omega ^{14} / I^4\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>) efficiencies, where <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41598_2025_20156_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="12" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(I\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is the laser intensity and <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41598_2025_20156_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="10" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="14" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\omega\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is the frequency, using a quantum mechanical density matrix approach. These are off-resonant approximations; full resonant simulations show <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41598_2025_20156_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="69" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\eta _{\text {SHG}}\propto I\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41598_2025_20156_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="81" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\eta _{\text {THG}}\propto I^2.\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> Additionally, we introduce a defect-enhanced SHG model, accounting for lattice imperfections. Numerical simulations validate these models, showing a 60% increase in SHG and a 40% increase in THG for graphene at <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41598_2025_20156_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="140" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(I = {1 \times 10^{15}}\,{\hbox {W}}\,{\hbox {m}}^{-2}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41598_2025_20156_Article_IEq8.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="83" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\lambda = {800}\,{\hbox {nm}}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. This framework offers a pathway for designing tunable, optically active 2D materials for next-generation photonic and quantum technologies.</p>

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Enhanced nonlinear optical responses in two-dimensional materials via laser-induced topological phase transitions

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月16日

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  • Farshad Azizi,
  • Hamze Moayeri

摘要

We develop a comprehensive theoretical framework to enhance nonlinear optical responses in two-dimensional (2D) materials, such as graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), by inducing topological phase transitions using intense laser fields. Employing Floquet engineering, we demonstrate that laser-driven topological edge states significantly boost second-harmonic generation (SHG) and third-harmonic generation (THG) efficiencies, enabling advanced photonic devices and nonlinear spectroscopy. We derive novel scaling laws for SHG ( \(\eta _{\text {SHG}} \propto \omega ^6 / I^3\) ) and THG ( \(\eta _{\text {THG}} \propto \omega ^{14} / I^4\) ) efficiencies, where \(I\) is the laser intensity and \(\omega\) is the frequency, using a quantum mechanical density matrix approach. These are off-resonant approximations; full resonant simulations show \(\eta _{\text {SHG}}\propto I\) and \(\eta _{\text {THG}}\propto I^2.\) Additionally, we introduce a defect-enhanced SHG model, accounting for lattice imperfections. Numerical simulations validate these models, showing a 60% increase in SHG and a 40% increase in THG for graphene at \(I = {1 \times 10^{15}}\,{\hbox {W}}\,{\hbox {m}}^{-2}\) and \(\lambda = {800}\,{\hbox {nm}}\) . This framework offers a pathway for designing tunable, optically active 2D materials for next-generation photonic and quantum technologies.