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<p>Shipwreck ceramics are rarely analysed in situ since conventional mineral tests require sampling and jeopardise conservation. This study present the first application of full-range visible–near-infrared (VIS–NIR, 350–2500&#xa0;nm) reflectance spectroscopy to shipwreck ceramics, analysing 30 sherds from the 16th-century Bidong wreck off Peninsular Malaysia. CIELAB colour space reveals the a*–b* linearity improves markedly from R² ≤ 0.50 on uncleaned surfaces to 0.80 in clean-powder subsamples, providing an objective metric for de-encrustation. High chromaticity and pervasive hematite document dominantly oxidising, whereas a minority of grey fabrics signal reduction firing conditions. Varimax-rotated PCA (VPCA) resolves 18 spectral components in intact sherds but only 11 after cleaning, demonstrating how surface alteration inflates apparent mineral diversity. Diagnostic loadings for illite and Fe-rich pyroxene (hedenbergite) tie the ceramic body to Sukhothai red clays, while copper sulphides and marine carbonates fingerprint post-burial interaction with Cu fittings and seawater. A weak 600–620&#xa0;nm shoulder tentatively matches lazurite, a blue pigment rarely reported in Southeast Asian wares thus requires micro-analytical confirmation. This rapid, micro-destructive VIS–NIR method provides preliminary information about the salvaged artifacts which can be further correlated with another scientific study for provenance and production techniques interpretation.</p>

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Reflectance spectroscopy reveals mineralogy and preservation of ceramics from the Bidong Shipwreck

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月26日

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  • Nur Khatibah Md Yunos,
  • Hui-Juan Pan,
  • Shouye Yang,
  • Elena Ifandi,
  • Muhd Nur Ismail Abdul Rahman,
  • Effi Helmy Ariffin,
  • Hasrizal Shaari

摘要

Shipwreck ceramics are rarely analysed in situ since conventional mineral tests require sampling and jeopardise conservation. This study present the first application of full-range visible–near-infrared (VIS–NIR, 350–2500 nm) reflectance spectroscopy to shipwreck ceramics, analysing 30 sherds from the 16th-century Bidong wreck off Peninsular Malaysia. CIELAB colour space reveals the a*–b* linearity improves markedly from R² ≤ 0.50 on uncleaned surfaces to 0.80 in clean-powder subsamples, providing an objective metric for de-encrustation. High chromaticity and pervasive hematite document dominantly oxidising, whereas a minority of grey fabrics signal reduction firing conditions. Varimax-rotated PCA (VPCA) resolves 18 spectral components in intact sherds but only 11 after cleaning, demonstrating how surface alteration inflates apparent mineral diversity. Diagnostic loadings for illite and Fe-rich pyroxene (hedenbergite) tie the ceramic body to Sukhothai red clays, while copper sulphides and marine carbonates fingerprint post-burial interaction with Cu fittings and seawater. A weak 600–620 nm shoulder tentatively matches lazurite, a blue pigment rarely reported in Southeast Asian wares thus requires micro-analytical confirmation. This rapid, micro-destructive VIS–NIR method provides preliminary information about the salvaged artifacts which can be further correlated with another scientific study for provenance and production techniques interpretation.