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<p>The effective treatment of oil-contaminated wastewater is a critical environmental challenge. This study demonstrates a robust pathway for synthesizing high-performance activated carbon (AC) from date palm seed waste for the removal of crude oil. A two-step process involving pyrolysis and subsequent KOH chemical activation was systematically optimized by varying key parameters, including temperature, time, and impregnation ratio. The optimized adsorbent, AC5 (prepared at a 4:1 KOH: biochar ratio, 700&#xa0;°C, for 2&#xa0;h), exhibited a high surface area of 2151&#xa0;m²/g and an exceptional crude oil adsorption capacity of 1816&#xa0;mg/g. A key finding is that maximum surface area alone does not dictate performance for complex adsorbates; AC5 significantly outperformed a sample with a higher surface area (2417&#xa0;m²/g), a result attributed to its more favorable surface chemistry as confirmed by FTIR analysis. The adsorption process was best described by the Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic models. Crucially, the performance of the optimized AC represents an improvement of nearly an order of magnitude over previously reported date-seed carbons for oil removal and surpasses that of many other biomass-derived adsorbents. This work establishes a clear synthesis pathway for valorizing an abundant agricultural waste into a superior adsorbent for oil spill remediation.</p>

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Optimized synthesis of activated carbon from date palm seeds for efficient crude oil adsorption in wastewater treatment

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月24日

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  • Salem S. Bamerdhah,
  • Nadavala Siva Kumar,
  • Ebrahim H. Al-Ghurabi,
  • Mourad Boumaza,
  • Mohammad Asif

摘要

The effective treatment of oil-contaminated wastewater is a critical environmental challenge. This study demonstrates a robust pathway for synthesizing high-performance activated carbon (AC) from date palm seed waste for the removal of crude oil. A two-step process involving pyrolysis and subsequent KOH chemical activation was systematically optimized by varying key parameters, including temperature, time, and impregnation ratio. The optimized adsorbent, AC5 (prepared at a 4:1 KOH: biochar ratio, 700 °C, for 2 h), exhibited a high surface area of 2151 m²/g and an exceptional crude oil adsorption capacity of 1816 mg/g. A key finding is that maximum surface area alone does not dictate performance for complex adsorbates; AC5 significantly outperformed a sample with a higher surface area (2417 m²/g), a result attributed to its more favorable surface chemistry as confirmed by FTIR analysis. The adsorption process was best described by the Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic models. Crucially, the performance of the optimized AC represents an improvement of nearly an order of magnitude over previously reported date-seed carbons for oil removal and surpasses that of many other biomass-derived adsorbents. This work establishes a clear synthesis pathway for valorizing an abundant agricultural waste into a superior adsorbent for oil spill remediation.