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<p>Lead (Pb²⁺) contamination in aquatic environments represents a serious global threat due to its toxicity, persistence, and non-biodegradable nature. In this study, hydroxyapatite (HA) was synthesized from equine scapula bone and investigated as a low-cost, sustainable adsorbent for Pb²⁺ removal from aqueous media. HA was thermally treated at 100&#xa0;°C, 500&#xa0;°C, and 900&#xa0;°C to assess the effect of calcination on physicochemical and adsorption properties. Characterization techniques including XRD, FTIR, SEM/EDX, TGA and XRF confirmed structural and compositional evolution with temperature. Among the samples, HA-500 exhibited the highest adsorption performance, achieving 99% Pb²⁺ removal and a maximum capacity of 50&#xa0;mg/g under optimal conditions (0.25&#xa0;g dose, 20&#xa0;mg/L initial Pb²⁺ concentration). Kinetic studies followed a pseudo-second-order model (R² &gt; 0.999), and equilibrium data were best described by the Freundlich isotherm (R² = 0.9839), indicating multilayer adsorption on heterogeneous surfaces. Thermodynamic analysis revealed that Pb²⁺ adsorption is spontaneous and exothermic, with negative Gibbs free energy values and positive entropy changes, confirming increased randomness at the solid–liquid interface. Furthermore, regeneration studies showed that HA-500 retained 73% of its efficiency after three cycles. These findings demonstrate the potential of equine bone as a novel bio-based source of hydroxyapatite for efficient and sustainable heavy metal remediation.</p>

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Influence of calcination temperature on equine bone hydroxyapatite structure and lead adsorption efficiency

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月30日

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  • Douae Touareb,
  • Souhayla Latifi,
  • Sarah Saoiabi,
  • Lamiaa Habraji,
  • Othmane Hammani,
  • Khalil Azzaoui,
  • Shehdeh Jodeh,
  • Sobhi Yaghi,
  • Rachid Sabbahi,
  • Belkheir Hammouti,
  • Sanaa Saoiabi

摘要

Lead (Pb²⁺) contamination in aquatic environments represents a serious global threat due to its toxicity, persistence, and non-biodegradable nature. In this study, hydroxyapatite (HA) was synthesized from equine scapula bone and investigated as a low-cost, sustainable adsorbent for Pb²⁺ removal from aqueous media. HA was thermally treated at 100 °C, 500 °C, and 900 °C to assess the effect of calcination on physicochemical and adsorption properties. Characterization techniques including XRD, FTIR, SEM/EDX, TGA and XRF confirmed structural and compositional evolution with temperature. Among the samples, HA-500 exhibited the highest adsorption performance, achieving 99% Pb²⁺ removal and a maximum capacity of 50 mg/g under optimal conditions (0.25 g dose, 20 mg/L initial Pb²⁺ concentration). Kinetic studies followed a pseudo-second-order model (R² > 0.999), and equilibrium data were best described by the Freundlich isotherm (R² = 0.9839), indicating multilayer adsorption on heterogeneous surfaces. Thermodynamic analysis revealed that Pb²⁺ adsorption is spontaneous and exothermic, with negative Gibbs free energy values and positive entropy changes, confirming increased randomness at the solid–liquid interface. Furthermore, regeneration studies showed that HA-500 retained 73% of its efficiency after three cycles. These findings demonstrate the potential of equine bone as a novel bio-based source of hydroxyapatite for efficient and sustainable heavy metal remediation.