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<p>The inventive idea of using Bentonite Nano-Clay spray as a Nano-Pico Spray&#xa0;(NPS)&#xa0;technique is an effective solution to the problem of erosion of historical brick monuments. This research focuses on protecting and restoring brick structures using bentonite nanoparticles as a Nano Soil Improvement (NSI)&#xa0;technique minimally invasive Nano-Spray to enhance mortar durability. By applying a protective Nano-Clay coating as a Green and Sustainable Spray&#xa0;(GSS)&#xa0;technique, rain and frost penetration into mortar layers significantly reduced. Various concentrations of nano-bentonite (2–10%) as a Green and Sustainable Soil Improvement (GSSI)&#xa0;technique with ethanol solvent were tested, with two applications of a 4% solution yielding optimal results. Validation through field emission scanning electron microscopy imaging (FESEM/SEM), X-Ray diffraction and Fluorescence analyses (XRD/XRF), Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), porosity tests, water absorption time measurement, and weathering tests confirmed the efficacy and long-term stability of this method. Accelerated aging tests also demonstrated long-term stability and effectiveness, making this method a viable protective approach for historic brick structures.</p>

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Bentonite nanoclay and spray techniques as a nano pico technology (NPT) for enhancing mortar in heritage and historical buildings

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月1日

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  • Saeideh Jalalifar,
  • Hamed Niroumand,
  • Maryam Afsharpour,
  • Lech Balachowski,
  • Shadi Rajabi

摘要

The inventive idea of using Bentonite Nano-Clay spray as a Nano-Pico Spray (NPS) technique is an effective solution to the problem of erosion of historical brick monuments. This research focuses on protecting and restoring brick structures using bentonite nanoparticles as a Nano Soil Improvement (NSI) technique minimally invasive Nano-Spray to enhance mortar durability. By applying a protective Nano-Clay coating as a Green and Sustainable Spray (GSS) technique, rain and frost penetration into mortar layers significantly reduced. Various concentrations of nano-bentonite (2–10%) as a Green and Sustainable Soil Improvement (GSSI) technique with ethanol solvent were tested, with two applications of a 4% solution yielding optimal results. Validation through field emission scanning electron microscopy imaging (FESEM/SEM), X-Ray diffraction and Fluorescence analyses (XRD/XRF), Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), porosity tests, water absorption time measurement, and weathering tests confirmed the efficacy and long-term stability of this method. Accelerated aging tests also demonstrated long-term stability and effectiveness, making this method a viable protective approach for historic brick structures.