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<p>Urban green spaces (UGSs) deliver vital ecological and social benefits, and their integrated management significantly contributes to ecological sustainability and public well-being. However, existing studies tend to separately examine ecological and social values of various UGS types, lacking comprehensive assessments of their interactions. In response, this study established an integrated biotope classification system based on vegetation structure and conducted extensive field surveys to map urban biotopes in Xi’an city. Ecological values were evaluated through twelve selected indicators, including biodiversity, air quality regulation, and carbon storage. Social values were assessed using the SolVES model across six dimensions: aesthetics, recreation, cultural , spiritual, biodiversity, and therapeutics. The coupling coordination degree (CCD) between ecological and social values was subsequently calculated, and key influencing factors were analyzed via Geodetector. The results reveal that: (1) Xi’an encompasses 28 distinct biotope types, with green spaces occupying the largest area (2.89 km<sup>2</sup>; 79.97%) and blue spaces the smallest (0.32 km<sup>2</sup>; 8.72%). (2) The CCD between ecological and social values is on the verge of disorder&#xa0;(0.467), indicating a critical need for improved coordination. (3) Open green spaces with herbaceous vegetation (G O He) exhibit the highest CCD. Conversely, closed one-layer broad-leaved forests primarily covered by hardscape (G C Ha B L-1) and closed multi-layer broad-leaved forests primarily covered by hardscape (G C Ha B L-2) present the lowest coordination levels. (4) Ecological characteristics significantly influence CCD, highlighting the importance of detailed biotope classification. The results emphasize that enhancing spatial configurations and optimizing functional arrangements within UGSs are essential strategies for improving eco-social synergies and coupling coordination. This study provides valuable insights and practical recommendations for targeted urban planning and sustainable development of urban green infrastructure in Xi’an and similar rapidly urbanizing regions.</p>

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Synergies and trade offs of ecological and social values across different biotopes in urban green spaces: a case study of Xi’an, China

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月30日

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  • Yiming Sun,
  • Weifeng Wang,
  • Chuanwen Wang,
  • Xinyue Wang,
  • Danchen Yang,
  • Huiyi Liang,
  • Dongyang Gao,
  • Ling Qiu,
  • Tian Gao

摘要

Urban green spaces (UGSs) deliver vital ecological and social benefits, and their integrated management significantly contributes to ecological sustainability and public well-being. However, existing studies tend to separately examine ecological and social values of various UGS types, lacking comprehensive assessments of their interactions. In response, this study established an integrated biotope classification system based on vegetation structure and conducted extensive field surveys to map urban biotopes in Xi’an city. Ecological values were evaluated through twelve selected indicators, including biodiversity, air quality regulation, and carbon storage. Social values were assessed using the SolVES model across six dimensions: aesthetics, recreation, cultural , spiritual, biodiversity, and therapeutics. The coupling coordination degree (CCD) between ecological and social values was subsequently calculated, and key influencing factors were analyzed via Geodetector. The results reveal that: (1) Xi’an encompasses 28 distinct biotope types, with green spaces occupying the largest area (2.89 km2; 79.97%) and blue spaces the smallest (0.32 km2; 8.72%). (2) The CCD between ecological and social values is on the verge of disorder (0.467), indicating a critical need for improved coordination. (3) Open green spaces with herbaceous vegetation (G O He) exhibit the highest CCD. Conversely, closed one-layer broad-leaved forests primarily covered by hardscape (G C Ha B L-1) and closed multi-layer broad-leaved forests primarily covered by hardscape (G C Ha B L-2) present the lowest coordination levels. (4) Ecological characteristics significantly influence CCD, highlighting the importance of detailed biotope classification. The results emphasize that enhancing spatial configurations and optimizing functional arrangements within UGSs are essential strategies for improving eco-social synergies and coupling coordination. This study provides valuable insights and practical recommendations for targeted urban planning and sustainable development of urban green infrastructure in Xi’an and similar rapidly urbanizing regions.