Visualising the strength development of FICP-treated sand using impedance spectroscopy

Fungal Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation (FICP) is a novel method used in geotechnical engineering that enhances the engineering properties of sand by using the potential of fungal activity. This research is the first attempt to monitor the strength of FICP treated sand using embedded Piezoelectric (PZT) patch based Electromechanical Impedance (EMI) spectroscopy. In the past, the strength of such treated sand has been determined through the destructive methods like Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) test. In this study, the sand is mixed with the filamentous fungus Aspergillus Niger and the cementation solution (urea and \(\:{\text{C}\text{a}\text{C}\text{l}}_{2}\) in the ratio of 1:1) is injected after every 24 h. Results recorded from the cost-effective EVAL AD5933 chip indicate that the shifting of frequency impedance signals in each phase is in good alignment with UCS and calcium carbonate content (CCC). Following the 28-day treatment period, the treated sand achieves a maximum UCS of 3.93 MPa, accompanied by a CCC of 15.19%. In order to correlate EMI signals with treatment cycles, UCS, and CCC, various multi linear regression (MLR) equations for statistical metrics like root mean square deviation (RMSD), mean absolute percentage deviation (MAPD), and correlation coefficient deviation (CCD) are developed. Additionally, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analyses have been conducted to observe the success of the FICP process in the sand.