Rheophytic Osmunda lancea (Osmundaceae) exhibits large flexibility in the petiole

The riparian zone, found alongside rivers and streams, is a unique habitat characterized by its vulnerability to sudden floods following intense rainfall. To cope with these challenging conditions, a specific group of plants with linear and lanceolate lamina have adapted to thrive in these environments. Despite their unique ability to withstand the forceful water flow, the specific adaptive characteristics of the petioles, which support the lamina remain unknown. Our morphological, anatomical, and mechanical analyses on the petioles of Osmunda lancea (Osmundaceae) along the river and an inland sister species of O. japonica revealed that the petioles of O. lancea had a larger cell volume in subepidermal cortex and were more flexible than those of O. japonica.