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<p>During cerebrovascular development, an initial surplus of vessels is generated and subsequently refined through selective elimination to establish an efficient vascular network. Microglia are pivotal regulators of synaptic refinement and brain circuitry maturation, and despite their close interactions with cerebral vessels, whether and how they contribute to cerebrovascular pruning remains unclear. Here, to address this, we visualized and manipulated microglia–vessel interactions in the frontal cortex of postnatal day 11 mice. We found that microglia progressively approach cerebral vessels and subsequently mediate their pruning. Furthermore, we identify the PD-L1–PD-1 signaling axis as a regulator of microglia-mediated vascular pruning via microglial CD5L secretion. Altogether, our findings uncover a role for microglia in targeting redundant vasculature to facilitate vascular network formation during brain development.</p>

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Microglia prune developing cortical blood vessels through PD-1 signaling

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月16日

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  • Mengtian Zhang,
  • Yanyan Wang,
  • Runhua Yang,
  • Fen Ji,
  • Sihan Li,
  • Chenxiao Li,
  • Xinghua Zhao,
  • Hong Li,
  • Jianwei Jiao

摘要

During cerebrovascular development, an initial surplus of vessels is generated and subsequently refined through selective elimination to establish an efficient vascular network. Microglia are pivotal regulators of synaptic refinement and brain circuitry maturation, and despite their close interactions with cerebral vessels, whether and how they contribute to cerebrovascular pruning remains unclear. Here, to address this, we visualized and manipulated microglia–vessel interactions in the frontal cortex of postnatal day 11 mice. We found that microglia progressively approach cerebral vessels and subsequently mediate their pruning. Furthermore, we identify the PD-L1–PD-1 signaling axis as a regulator of microglia-mediated vascular pruning via microglial CD5L secretion. Altogether, our findings uncover a role for microglia in targeting redundant vasculature to facilitate vascular network formation during brain development.