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<p>In late 2021, high pathogenicity avian influenza A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b viruses entered North America and reassorted rapidly with local avian influenza viruses. In September 2024, we detected a new reassortant later classified as genotype D1.1. Using active and passive avian influenza surveillance across Canada and the USA, we tracked the emergence and rapid spread of D1.1 viruses in wild birds during the 2024 fall migration. Phylodynamic analysis showed that D1.1 viruses formed a monophyletic group and displaced earlier A(H5) genotypes across several flyways. Their expansion coincided with detections in other hosts, including 17 human cases, 4 of which were severe or fatal. None of the mammalian-adaptive markers detected in human cases were found in wild bird viruses, and candidate vaccine viruses retained antigenic cross-reactivity with D1.1 strains.</p>

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Rapid expansion of genotype D1.1 A(H5N1) influenza viruses in wild birds across North America during the 2024 migratory season

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月15日

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  • Walter N. Harrington,
  • Anthony Signore,
  • Lisa Kercher,
  • Jolene A. Giacinti,
  • Ahmed Kandeil,
  • Christina A. Ahlstrom,
  • Sarah Bevins,
  • Beate Crossley,
  • Karlie Eure,
  • Thomas P. Fabrizio,
  • Trushar Jeevan,
  • Julianna Lenoch,
  • Jacqueline M. Nolting,
  • Daniel Rejmanek,
  • David Stallknecht,
  • Trent Bollinger,
  • Evan J. Buck,
  • Deborah Carter,
  • Bradley S. Cohen,
  • Krista E. Dilione,
  • Jamie C. Feddersen,
  • John Franks,
  • Dayna Goldsmith,
  • Cory J. Highway,
  • Chelsea Himsworth,
  • Lydia P. Holmes,
  • Claire Jardine,
  • Mohammad Jawad Jahid,
  • Paul Link,
  • Lance Miller,
  • Nicole M. Nemeth,
  • Madison Owsiany,
  • Margo Pybus,
  • Laura C. Scott,
  • Christopher Sharp,
  • Lauren Smith,
  • Nathan J. Steelman,
  • Brian Stevens,
  • Yohannes Berhane,
  • Mia Torchetti,
  • Andrew M. Ramey,
  • Rebecca Poulson,
  • Richard J. Webby

摘要

In late 2021, high pathogenicity avian influenza A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b viruses entered North America and reassorted rapidly with local avian influenza viruses. In September 2024, we detected a new reassortant later classified as genotype D1.1. Using active and passive avian influenza surveillance across Canada and the USA, we tracked the emergence and rapid spread of D1.1 viruses in wild birds during the 2024 fall migration. Phylodynamic analysis showed that D1.1 viruses formed a monophyletic group and displaced earlier A(H5) genotypes across several flyways. Their expansion coincided with detections in other hosts, including 17 human cases, 4 of which were severe or fatal. None of the mammalian-adaptive markers detected in human cases were found in wild bird viruses, and candidate vaccine viruses retained antigenic cross-reactivity with D1.1 strains.