Enediyne natural product biosynthesis unified by a diiodotetrayne intermediate

Enediyne natural products are renowned for their potent cytotoxicities but the biosynthesis of their defining 1,5-diyne-3-ene core moiety remains largely enigmatic. Since the discovery of the enediyne polyketide synthase cassette in 2002, genome sequencing has revealed thousands of distinct enediyne biosynthetic gene clusters, each harboring the conserved enediyne polyketide synthase cassette. Here we report that (1) the products of this cassette are an iodoheptaene, a diiodotetrayne and two pentaynes; (2) the diiodotetrayne represents a common biosynthetic intermediate for all known enediynes; and (3) cryptic iodination can be exploited to increase enediyne titers. These findings establish a unified biosynthetic pathway for the enediynes, set the stage to further advance enediyne core biosynthesis and enable fundamental breakthroughs in chemistry, enzymology and translational applications of enediyne natural products.