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<p>Tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) promotes skeletal mineralization by hydrolysing pyrophosphate<sup><CitationRef CitationID="CR1">1</CitationRef></sup> and has been linked to uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1)-independent adipocyte thermogenesis through the futile creatine cycle through phosphocreatine hydrolysis<sup><CitationRef CitationID="CR2">2</CitationRef>,<CitationRef CitationID="CR3">3</CitationRef></sup>. Despite TNAP’s broad physiological roles, endogenous regulators of its activity have not been defined. Furthermore, the activation mechanism of UCP1-independent thermogenesis has remained unresolved. Here we identify glycerol as an allosteric activator of TNAP. Glycerol binds to a surface pocket distal to the active site, which we term the glycerol pocket, to enhance TNAP activity. Using biophysical, structural, bioenergetic and physiological approaches, we show that the glycerol pocket is required for TNAP-driven thermogenesis. Through this mechanism, TNAP activates the futile creatine cycle, acting as a physiological complement to UCP1. The glycerol pocket is likewise required for optimal osteoblast-regulated mineralization. Human missense variants in this site reduce TNAP-dependent mineralization in vitro and are associated with lower alkaline phosphatase activity and bone mineral density, providing genetic evidence that its disruption impairs skeletal physiology.</p>

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Glycerol-driven TNAP activation in thermogenesis and mineralization

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月22日

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  • Mohammed Faiz Hussain,
  • Shreya S. Krishnan,
  • Brittany L. Carroll,
  • Bozena Samborska,
  • Aisha Mousa,
  • Alice Williamson,
  • Maria Delgado-Martin,
  • Bindu Y. Srinivasu,
  • Jakub Bunk,
  • Janane F. Rahbani,
  • Abel Oppong,
  • Anna Roesler,
  • Zafir Kaiser,
  • Mina Ersin,
  • Qiaoqiao Zhang,
  • Maria Guerra Martinez,
  • Abhirup Shaw,
  • Jonathan Cheng,
  • Hannah Klemets,
  • Katalin Kocsis Illes,
  • Victoria E. DeMambro,
  • Clifford J. Rosen,
  • José Luis Millán,
  • Thomas E. Wales,
  • Claudia Langenberg,
  • Marc D. McKee,
  • Alba Guarné,
  • Lawrence Kazak

摘要

Tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) promotes skeletal mineralization by hydrolysing pyrophosphate1 and has been linked to uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1)-independent adipocyte thermogenesis through the futile creatine cycle through phosphocreatine hydrolysis2,3. Despite TNAP’s broad physiological roles, endogenous regulators of its activity have not been defined. Furthermore, the activation mechanism of UCP1-independent thermogenesis has remained unresolved. Here we identify glycerol as an allosteric activator of TNAP. Glycerol binds to a surface pocket distal to the active site, which we term the glycerol pocket, to enhance TNAP activity. Using biophysical, structural, bioenergetic and physiological approaches, we show that the glycerol pocket is required for TNAP-driven thermogenesis. Through this mechanism, TNAP activates the futile creatine cycle, acting as a physiological complement to UCP1. The glycerol pocket is likewise required for optimal osteoblast-regulated mineralization. Human missense variants in this site reduce TNAP-dependent mineralization in vitro and are associated with lower alkaline phosphatase activity and bone mineral density, providing genetic evidence that its disruption impairs skeletal physiology.