Autoimmunity and anti-cancer immunity lie on the same biological continuum1,2, but their link remains obscure. The paraneoplastic neurological syndrome ANRE (anti-NMDA receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis) is a paradigm for their connectivity3, given that intratumoural NMDAR expression is correlated with the generation of anti-NMDAR antibodies4,5. Here we verify ectopic expression of GluN1 and GluN2B NMDAR subunits in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC)6 and model this using orthotopic TNBC tumours with inducible expression of GluN1–GluN2B NMDARs. We show that NMDAR expression is sufficient to induce the recruitment of B cells and their affinity maturation, consistent with an integrated adaptive immune response. Reconstruction of extended intratumoural B cell phylogenies and cryogenic electron microscopy structural analyses demonstrate that affinity-matured hypermutated and class-switched antibodies emerged from pre-existing germline-configuration lower-affinity anti-NMDAR antibodies. Distinct matured antibodies targeted specific epitopes and induced conformational rearrangements within the NMDAR amino-terminal domain, predictive of their functional effects, ranging from inhibition to potentiation. Passive transfer of an NMDAR-potentiating antibody caused autonomic dysregulation and lowered the seizure threshold in healthy female mice, recapitulating key diagnostic criteria of ANRE4,5. We further identify a correlation between intratumoural NMDAR expression and anti-NMDAR antibody titres in patients with TNBC. Taken together, our data establish a direct connection between intratumoural NMDAR expression, antibody maturation and the onset of autoimmunity. These findings suggest that germline-encoded anti-NMDAR antibodies contribute to immune surveillance but can also trigger autoimmune disease after maturation, revealing a mechanistic trade-off between cancer immunity and neurotoxicity.
