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<p>Ancient Egyptian society flourished for millennia, reaching its peak during the Dynastic Period (approximately 3150–30 <span>bce</span>). However, owing to poor DNA preservation, questions about regional interconnectivity over time have not been addressed because whole-genome sequencing has not yet been possible. Here we sequenced a 2× coverage whole genome from an adult male Egyptian excavated at Nuwayrat (Nuerat, نويرات). Radiocarbon dated to 2855–2570 cal. <span>bce</span>, he lived a few centuries after Egyptian unification, bridging the Early Dynastic and Old Kingdom periods. The body was interred in a ceramic pot within a rock-cut tomb<sup><CitationRef CitationID="CR1">1</CitationRef></sup>, potentially contributing to the DNA preservation. Most of his genome is best represented by North African Neolithic ancestry, among available sources at present. Yet approximately 20% of his genetic ancestry can be traced to genomes representing the eastern Fertile Crescent, including Mesopotamia and surrounding regions. This genetic affinity is similar to the ancestry appearing in Anatolia and the Levant during the Neolithic and Bronze Age<sup><CitationRef AdditionalCitationIDS="CR3 CR4" CitationID="CR2">2</CitationRef>–<CitationRef CitationID="CR5">5</CitationRef></sup>. Although more genomes are needed to fully understand the genomic diversity of early Egyptians, our results indicate that contacts between Egypt and the eastern Fertile Crescent were not limited to objects and imagery (such as domesticated animals and plants, as well as writing systems)<sup><CitationRef AdditionalCitationIDS="CR7 CR8" CitationID="CR6">6</CitationRef>–<CitationRef CitationID="CR9">9</CitationRef></sup> but also encompassed human migration.</p>

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Whole-genome ancestry of an Old Kingdom Egyptian

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月2日

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  • Adeline Morez Jacobs,
  • Joel D. Irish,
  • Ashley Cooke,
  • Kyriaki Anastasiadou,
  • Christopher Barrington,
  • Alexandre Gilardet,
  • Monica Kelly,
  • Marina Silva,
  • Leo Speidel,
  • Frankie Tait,
  • Mia Williams,
  • Nicolas Brucato,
  • Francois-Xavier Ricaut,
  • Caroline Wilkinson,
  • Richard Madgwick,
  • Emily Holt,
  • Alexandra J. Nederbragt,
  • Edward Inglis,
  • Mateja Hajdinjak,
  • Pontus Skoglund,
  • Linus Girdland-Flink

摘要

Ancient Egyptian society flourished for millennia, reaching its peak during the Dynastic Period (approximately 3150–30 bce). However, owing to poor DNA preservation, questions about regional interconnectivity over time have not been addressed because whole-genome sequencing has not yet been possible. Here we sequenced a 2× coverage whole genome from an adult male Egyptian excavated at Nuwayrat (Nuerat, نويرات). Radiocarbon dated to 2855–2570 cal. bce, he lived a few centuries after Egyptian unification, bridging the Early Dynastic and Old Kingdom periods. The body was interred in a ceramic pot within a rock-cut tomb1, potentially contributing to the DNA preservation. Most of his genome is best represented by North African Neolithic ancestry, among available sources at present. Yet approximately 20% of his genetic ancestry can be traced to genomes representing the eastern Fertile Crescent, including Mesopotamia and surrounding regions. This genetic affinity is similar to the ancestry appearing in Anatolia and the Levant during the Neolithic and Bronze Age2–5. Although more genomes are needed to fully understand the genomic diversity of early Egyptians, our results indicate that contacts between Egypt and the eastern Fertile Crescent were not limited to objects and imagery (such as domesticated animals and plants, as well as writing systems)6–9 but also encompassed human migration.