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<p>Anthropogenic biodiversity decline threatens the functioning of ecosystems and the many benefits they provide to humanity<sup><CitationRef CitationID="CR1">1</CitationRef></sup>. As well as causing species losses in directly affected locations, human influence might also reduce biodiversity in relatively unmodified vegetation if far-reaching anthropogenic effects trigger local extinctions and hinder recolonization. Here we show that local plant diversity is globally negatively related to the level of anthropogenic activity in the surrounding region. Impoverishment of natural vegetation was evident only when we considered community completeness: the proportion of all suitable species in the region that are present at a site. To estimate community completeness, we compared the number of recorded species with the dark diversity—ecologically suitable species that are absent from a site but present in the surrounding region<sup><CitationRef CitationID="CR2">2</CitationRef></sup>. In the sampled regions with a minimal human footprint index, an average of 35% of suitable plant species were present locally, compared with less than 20% in highly affected regions. Besides having the potential to uncover overlooked threats to biodiversity, dark diversity also provides guidance for nature conservation. Species in the dark diversity remain regionally present, and their local populations might be restored through measures that improve connectivity between natural vegetation fragments and reduce threats to population persistence.</p>

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Global impoverishment of natural vegetation revealed by dark diversity

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年4月2日

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  • Meelis Pärtel,
  • Riin Tamme,
  • Carlos P. Carmona,
  • Kersti Riibak,
  • Mari Moora,
  • Jonathan A. Bennett,
  • Alessandro Chiarucci,
  • Milan Chytrý,
  • Francesco de Bello,
  • Ove Eriksson,
  • Susan Harrison,
  • Robert John Lewis,
  • Angela T. Moles,
  • Maarja Öpik,
  • Jodi N. Price,
  • Vistorina Amputu,
  • Diana Askarizadeh,
  • Zohreh Atashgahi,
  • Isabelle Aubin,
  • Francisco M. Azcárate,
  • Matthew D. Barrett,
  • Maral Bashirzadeh,
  • Zoltán Bátori,
  • Natalie Beenaerts,
  • Kolja Bergholz,
  • Kristine Birkeli,
  • Idoia Biurrun,
  • José M. Blanco-Moreno,
  • Kathryn J. Bloodworth,
  • Laura Boisvert-Marsh,
  • Bazartseren Boldgiv,
  • Pedro H. S. Brancalion,
  • Francis Q. Brearley,
  • Charlotte Brown,
  • C. Guillermo Bueno,
  • Gabriella Buffa,
  • James F. Cahill,
  • Juan A. Campos,
  • Giacomo Cangelmi,
  • Michele Carbognani,
  • Christopher Carcaillet,
  • Bruno E. L. Cerabolini,
  • Richard Chevalier,
  • Jan S. Clavel,
  • José M. Costa,
  • Sara A. O. Cousins,
  • Jan Čuda,
  • Mariana Dairel,
  • Michele Dalle Fratte,
  • Alena Danilova,
  • John Davison,
  • Balázs Deák,
  • Silvia Del Vecchio,
  • Iwona Dembicz,
  • Jürgen Dengler,
  • Jiri Dolezal,
  • Xavier Domene,
  • Miroslav Dvorsky,
  • Hamid Ejtehadi,
  • Lucas Enrico,
  • Dmitrii Epikhin,
  • Anu Eskelinen,
  • Franz Essl,
  • Gaohua Fan,
  • Edy Fantinato,
  • Fatih Fazlioglu,
  • Eduardo Fernández-Pascual,
  • Arianna Ferrara,
  • Alessandra Fidelis,
  • Markus Fischer,
  • Maren Flagmeier,
  • T’ai G. W. Forte,
  • Lauchlan H. Fraser,
  • Junichi Fujinuma,
  • Fernando F. Furquim,
  • Berle Garris,
  • Heath W. Garris,
  • Melisa A. Giorgis,
  • Gianpietro Giusso del Galdo,
  • Ana González-Robles,
  • Megan K. Good,
  • Moisès Guardiola,
  • Riccardo Guarino,
  • Irene Guerrero,
  • Joannès Guillemot,
  • Behlül Güler,
  • Yinjie Guo,
  • Stef Haesen,
  • Martin Hejda,
  • Ruben H. Heleno,
  • Toke T. Høye,
  • Richard Hrivnák,
  • Yingxin Huang,
  • John T. Hunter,
  • Dmytro Iakushenko,
  • Ricardo Ibáñez,
  • Nele Ingerpuu,
  • Severin D. H. Irl,
  • Eva Janíková,
  • Florian Jansen,
  • Florian Jeltsch,
  • Anke Jentsch,
  • Borja Jiménez-Alfaro,
  • Madli Jõks,
  • Mohammad H. Jouri,
  • Sahar Karami,
  • Negin Katal,
  • András Kelemen,
  • Bulat I. Khairullin,
  • Anzar A. Khuroo,
  • Kimberly J. Komatsu,
  • Marie Konečná,
  • Ene Kook,
  • Lotte Korell,
  • Natalia Koroleva,
  • Kirill A. Korznikov,
  • Maria V. Kozhevnikova,
  • Łukasz Kozub,
  • Lauri Laanisto,
  • Helena Lager,
  • Vojtech Lanta,
  • Romina G. Lasagno,
  • Jonas J. Lembrechts,
  • Liping Li,
  • Aleš Lisner,
  • Houjia Liu,
  • Kun Liu,
  • Xuhe Liu,
  • Manuel Esteban Lucas-Borja,
  • Kristin Ludewig,
  • Katalin Lukács,
  • Jona Luther-Mosebach,
  • Petr Macek,
  • Michela Marignani,
  • Richard Michalet,
  • Tamás Miglécz,
  • Jesper Erenskjold Moeslund,
  • Karlien Moeys,
  • Daniel Montesinos,
  • Eduardo Moreno-Jiménez,
  • Ivan Moysiyenko,
  • Ladislav Mucina,
  • Miriam Muñoz-Rojas,
  • Raytha A. Murillo,
  • Sylvia M. Nambahu,
  • Lena Neuenkamp,
  • Signe Normand,
  • Arkadiusz Nowak,
  • Paloma Nuche,
  • Tatjana Oja,
  • Vladimir G. Onipchenko,
  • Kalina L. Pachedjieva,
  • Bruno Paganeli,
  • Begoña Peco,
  • Ana M. L. Peralta,
  • Aaron Pérez-Haase,
  • Pablo L. Peri,
  • Alessandro Petraglia,
  • Gwendolyn Peyre,
  • Pedro Antonio Plaza-Álvarez,
  • Jan Plue,
  • Honor C. Prentice,
  • Vadim E. Prokhorov,
  • Dajana Radujković,
  • Soroor Rahmanian,
  • Triin Reitalu,
  • Michael Ristow,
  • Agnès A. Robin,
  • Ana Belén Robles,
  • Daniel A. Rodríguez Ginart,
  • Raúl Román,
  • Ruben E. Roos,
  • Leonardo Rosati,
  • Jiří Sádlo,
  • Karina Salimbayeva,
  • Rut Sánchez de Dios,
  • Khaliun Sanchir,
  • Cornelia Sattler,
  • John D. Scasta,
  • Ute Schmiedel,
  • Julian Schrader,
  • Nick L. Schultz,
  • Giacomo Sellan,
  • Josep M. Serra-Diaz,
  • Giulia Silan,
  • Hana Skálová,
  • Nadiia Skobel,
  • Judit Sonkoly,
  • Kateřina Štajerová,
  • Ivana Svitková,
  • Sebastian Świerszcz,
  • Andrew J. Tanentzap,
  • Fallon M. Tanentzap,
  • Rubén Tarifa,
  • Pablo Tejero,
  • Dzhamal K. Tekeev,
  • Michael Tholin,
  • Ruben S. Thormodsæter,
  • Yichen Tian,
  • Alla Tokaryuk,
  • Csaba Tölgyesi,
  • Marcello Tomaselli,
  • Enrico Tordoni,
  • Péter Török,
  • Béla Tóthmérész,
  • Aurèle Toussaint,
  • Blaise Touzard,
  • Diego P. F. Trindade,
  • James L. Tsakalos,
  • Sevda Türkiş,
  • Enrique Valencia,
  • Mercedes Valerio,
  • Orsolya Valkó,
  • Koenraad Van Meerbeek,
  • Vigdis Vandvik,
  • Jesus Villellas,
  • Risto Virtanen,
  • Michaela Vítková,
  • Martin Vojík,
  • Andreas von Hessberg,
  • Jonathan von Oppen,
  • Viktoria Wagner,
  • Ji-Zhong Wan,
  • Chun-Jing Wang,
  • Sajad A. Wani,
  • Lina Weiss,
  • Tricia Wevill,
  • Sa Xiao,
  • Oscar Zárate Martínez,
  • Martin Zobel

摘要

Anthropogenic biodiversity decline threatens the functioning of ecosystems and the many benefits they provide to humanity1. As well as causing species losses in directly affected locations, human influence might also reduce biodiversity in relatively unmodified vegetation if far-reaching anthropogenic effects trigger local extinctions and hinder recolonization. Here we show that local plant diversity is globally negatively related to the level of anthropogenic activity in the surrounding region. Impoverishment of natural vegetation was evident only when we considered community completeness: the proportion of all suitable species in the region that are present at a site. To estimate community completeness, we compared the number of recorded species with the dark diversity—ecologically suitable species that are absent from a site but present in the surrounding region2. In the sampled regions with a minimal human footprint index, an average of 35% of suitable plant species were present locally, compared with less than 20% in highly affected regions. Besides having the potential to uncover overlooked threats to biodiversity, dark diversity also provides guidance for nature conservation. Species in the dark diversity remain regionally present, and their local populations might be restored through measures that improve connectivity between natural vegetation fragments and reduce threats to population persistence.