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<p>Nanoscale metallic systems exhibit distinct material properties from their bulk counterparts, which can be amplified by nanoarchitecting complex 3D shapes to exploit emergent structure–property relationships. Advances in nanoscale additive manufacturing techniques have enabled freeform 3D nanostructuring of a broad library of metallic systems, including pure metals, multicomponent alloys, and metal oxides. These methods can be broadly divided into optical printing, which uses two-photon lithography with metallic precursors, and physical deposition methods, which use confined electrochemical or physical deposition. The beneficial properties of the resulting nanostructured metallic systems facilitate next-generation designs for various applications including nanostructured metamaterials with exceptional mechanical properties; microrobots and nanorobots capable of efficient propulsion and manoeuvrability in confined fluids; hierarchically structured electrocatalytic cells with enhanced reaction kinetics; and photonic metamaterials with deep subwavelength features that can precisely control light–matter interactions. This Review outlines metallic nanoscale additive manufacturing techniques and emergent applications. We also discuss future opportunities and challenges, including design of multimaterial devices, pathways to scalability and integration with other nanomanufacturing techniques, providing a roadmap towards widespread implementation of 3D nanoscale metallic systems.</p>

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Nanoscale additive manufacturing of metals, alloys, and metal oxides

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月22日

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  • Peter Serles,
  • Yiming Ji,
  • Cyrus J. B. M. Fiori,
  • Wenxin Zhang,
  • Wenyuan Chen,
  • Daryl W. Yee,
  • Julia R. Greer

摘要

Nanoscale metallic systems exhibit distinct material properties from their bulk counterparts, which can be amplified by nanoarchitecting complex 3D shapes to exploit emergent structure–property relationships. Advances in nanoscale additive manufacturing techniques have enabled freeform 3D nanostructuring of a broad library of metallic systems, including pure metals, multicomponent alloys, and metal oxides. These methods can be broadly divided into optical printing, which uses two-photon lithography with metallic precursors, and physical deposition methods, which use confined electrochemical or physical deposition. The beneficial properties of the resulting nanostructured metallic systems facilitate next-generation designs for various applications including nanostructured metamaterials with exceptional mechanical properties; microrobots and nanorobots capable of efficient propulsion and manoeuvrability in confined fluids; hierarchically structured electrocatalytic cells with enhanced reaction kinetics; and photonic metamaterials with deep subwavelength features that can precisely control light–matter interactions. This Review outlines metallic nanoscale additive manufacturing techniques and emergent applications. We also discuss future opportunities and challenges, including design of multimaterial devices, pathways to scalability and integration with other nanomanufacturing techniques, providing a roadmap towards widespread implementation of 3D nanoscale metallic systems.