Low-energy photoredox catalysis

With the advent of photoredox catalysis, new synthetic paradigms have been established with many novel transformations being achieved. Nevertheless, modern photoredox chemistry has several drawbacks, namely, deficiencies in reaction efficiency and scalability. Furthermore, wavelengths of light in excess of the energy required for a chemical reaction are often used. In this Review, we document recent developments of low-energy light-absorbing catalysts and their cognate photochemical methods, advantageously mitigating off-cycle photochemical reactivity of excited-state species in the reaction mixture and improving batch scalability of photochemical reactions. Finally, developments in red-light photoredox catalysis are leading the next-generation applications to polymer science and biochemistry–chemical biology, enabling catalytic reactions within media composites — including mammalian tissue — that are historically recalcitrant with blue-light photoredox catalysis.