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<p>Ultracold polar molecules offer electric dipole moments, rich rotational structure and long coherence times in a single quantum gas, giving access to interaction regimes that are difficult to reach with atoms. However, realizing Bose–Einstein condensation in these systems has remained difficult because two-body collisional losses usually prevent efficient evaporative cooling. Here we produce a condensate of ground-state sodium–rubidium molecules using dual microwave shielding, in which two microwave fields suppress loss while allowing control of the long-range interactions. Starting from an optically trapped gas of ground-state sodium–rubidium molecules, we cool the molecules to quantum degeneracy and obtain condensates containing about 500 molecules. By tuning the dipolar interactions, we also observe both gas-phase condensates and a self-bound quantum droplet, with the gas-to-droplet transition identified from time-of-flight expansion. These results establish sodium–rubidium molecules as a platform for studying strongly dipolar quantum matter with tunable long-range interactions.</p>

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Bose–Einstein condensate of ultracold sodium–rubidium molecules with tunable dipolar interactions

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月9日

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  • Zhaopeng Shi,
  • Zerong Huang,
  • Fulin Deng,
  • Wei-Jian Jin,
  • Su Yi,
  • Tao Shi,
  • Dajun Wang

摘要

Ultracold polar molecules offer electric dipole moments, rich rotational structure and long coherence times in a single quantum gas, giving access to interaction regimes that are difficult to reach with atoms. However, realizing Bose–Einstein condensation in these systems has remained difficult because two-body collisional losses usually prevent efficient evaporative cooling. Here we produce a condensate of ground-state sodium–rubidium molecules using dual microwave shielding, in which two microwave fields suppress loss while allowing control of the long-range interactions. Starting from an optically trapped gas of ground-state sodium–rubidium molecules, we cool the molecules to quantum degeneracy and obtain condensates containing about 500 molecules. By tuning the dipolar interactions, we also observe both gas-phase condensates and a self-bound quantum droplet, with the gas-to-droplet transition identified from time-of-flight expansion. These results establish sodium–rubidium molecules as a platform for studying strongly dipolar quantum matter with tunable long-range interactions.