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<p>Quantum effects are usually observed and utilized in microscopic systems, where qubits can be manipulated and measured with precise control. However, larger qubit ensembles should, in principle, enhance performance in sensing and metrology applications. There is an inherent tension between the sensitivity afforded by large-scale experiments and the ability to use quantum protocols, since quantum phenomena are usually rapidly swamped by classical noise as the system size is scaled up. Here we show that spin quantum fluctuations are present in macroscopic spin qubit ensembles that might be expected to behave classically. Quantum-limited detection sensitivity enables us to perform magnetic resonance spectroscopy of quantum spin fluctuations without any external excitation. We demonstrate non-equilibrium spin-state preparation and single-shot measurements of subsequent ultraslow thermalization dynamics. Quantum-limited metrology of millimole-scale ensemble dynamics brings the tools of quantum sensing into the macroscopic regime. This enables truly non-invasive magnetic resonance spectroscopy and precision searches for fundamental physics.</p>

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Quantum-limited metrology of macroscopic spin ensembles

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月25日

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  • Stephen E. Kuenstner,
  • Declan W. Smith,
  • Andrew J. Winter,
  • Eren Ozdemir,
  • Tanja Marić,
  • Alyssa Matthews,
  • Alexander O. Sushkov

摘要

Quantum effects are usually observed and utilized in microscopic systems, where qubits can be manipulated and measured with precise control. However, larger qubit ensembles should, in principle, enhance performance in sensing and metrology applications. There is an inherent tension between the sensitivity afforded by large-scale experiments and the ability to use quantum protocols, since quantum phenomena are usually rapidly swamped by classical noise as the system size is scaled up. Here we show that spin quantum fluctuations are present in macroscopic spin qubit ensembles that might be expected to behave classically. Quantum-limited detection sensitivity enables us to perform magnetic resonance spectroscopy of quantum spin fluctuations without any external excitation. We demonstrate non-equilibrium spin-state preparation and single-shot measurements of subsequent ultraslow thermalization dynamics. Quantum-limited metrology of millimole-scale ensemble dynamics brings the tools of quantum sensing into the macroscopic regime. This enables truly non-invasive magnetic resonance spectroscopy and precision searches for fundamental physics.