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<p>Although organic solar cells have surpassed 20% power conversion efficiency, a persistent trade-off between open-circuit voltage and fill factor (FF) prevents them from closing the gap with inorganic technologies. Here we investigate this trade-off across a wide range of devices and identify an FF limit arising from field-dependent free-charge generation. This limit becomes more severe as voltage losses are minimized, thereby imposing an open-circuit voltage–FF trade-off. To quantitatively describe this limit, we develop an analytical model for field-dependent charge generation, revealing that the underlying cause is the field-sensitive charge-transfer process between excitons and charge-transfer states. This sensitivity originates from the field-induced charge-transfer state energy variations, mainly caused by the Stark effect. Guided by this physics-based model, we highlight that a long exciton lifetime is one of the practical and effective methods to overcome the FF limit.</p>

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Overcoming the fill-factor limit of organic solar cells

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月19日

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  • Huotian Zhang,
  • Jun Yuan,
  • Tong Wang,
  • Yijie Nai,
  • Nurlan Tokmoldin,
  • Wei Liu,
  • Shanchao Ouyang,
  • Rokas Jasiūnas,
  • Yiting Liu,
  • Yuxuan Li,
  • Mohammad Saeed Shadabroo,
  • Manasi Pranav,
  • Nakul Jain,
  • Xiaolei Zhang,
  • Veaceslav Coropceanu,
  • Artem A. Bakulin,
  • Sai-Wing Tsang,
  • Vidmantas Gulbinas,
  • Safa Shoaee,
  • Yingping Zou,
  • Dieter Neher,
  • Thomas Kirchartz,
  • Feng Gao

摘要

Although organic solar cells have surpassed 20% power conversion efficiency, a persistent trade-off between open-circuit voltage and fill factor (FF) prevents them from closing the gap with inorganic technologies. Here we investigate this trade-off across a wide range of devices and identify an FF limit arising from field-dependent free-charge generation. This limit becomes more severe as voltage losses are minimized, thereby imposing an open-circuit voltage–FF trade-off. To quantitatively describe this limit, we develop an analytical model for field-dependent charge generation, revealing that the underlying cause is the field-sensitive charge-transfer process between excitons and charge-transfer states. This sensitivity originates from the field-induced charge-transfer state energy variations, mainly caused by the Stark effect. Guided by this physics-based model, we highlight that a long exciton lifetime is one of the practical and effective methods to overcome the FF limit.