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<p>All-perovskite tandem solar cells (APTSCs) have rapidly improved in both power conversion efficiency (PCE) and room-temperature stability. However, achieving device stability under combined light–heat stresses (ISOS-L-3 conditions) remains challenging. The critical limitation stems from the highly reactive tin–lead surface which, even with molecular passivation strategies, remains susceptible to severe photothermal degradation. Here we develop a targeted conversion strategy to transform the metastable surface into a solid protection layer. Our method relies on treatment with alkaline caesium hydroxide, which releases OH<sup>−</sup> to mediate the dual transformation of SnI<sub>4</sub> and the defective surface into solid metal oxides, as well as replacing volatile organic cations with Cs<sup>+</sup>. This strategy leads to improved stability under ISOS-L-3 testing conditions and overall optoelectronic performance. The resulting tin–lead cells achieve a champion PCE of 23.65%, enabling the corresponding APTSCs to reach a PCE of 29.52% (certified, 28.56%). The APTSCs retain 90.3% of their initial PCE after 500 h under ISOS-L-3 conditions, outperforming traditional amine-treated counterparts. Our findings demonstrate a promising pathway towards photothermally stable and efficient APTSCs.</p>

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Highly stable all-perovskite tandem solar cells with targeted conversion of tin–lead surfaces

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月5日

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  • Nannan Sun,
  • Sheng Fu,
  • Yunfei Li,
  • Tianshu Ma,
  • Feng Wang,
  • Wentai Ouyang,
  • Bo Feng,
  • Xiaotian Zhu,
  • Zhengbo Cui,
  • Canglang Yao,
  • Wenxiao Zhang,
  • Xiaodong Li,
  • Changlei Wang,
  • Feng Gao,
  • Junfeng Fang

摘要

All-perovskite tandem solar cells (APTSCs) have rapidly improved in both power conversion efficiency (PCE) and room-temperature stability. However, achieving device stability under combined light–heat stresses (ISOS-L-3 conditions) remains challenging. The critical limitation stems from the highly reactive tin–lead surface which, even with molecular passivation strategies, remains susceptible to severe photothermal degradation. Here we develop a targeted conversion strategy to transform the metastable surface into a solid protection layer. Our method relies on treatment with alkaline caesium hydroxide, which releases OH− to mediate the dual transformation of SnI4 and the defective surface into solid metal oxides, as well as replacing volatile organic cations with Cs+. This strategy leads to improved stability under ISOS-L-3 testing conditions and overall optoelectronic performance. The resulting tin–lead cells achieve a champion PCE of 23.65%, enabling the corresponding APTSCs to reach a PCE of 29.52% (certified, 28.56%). The APTSCs retain 90.3% of their initial PCE after 500 h under ISOS-L-3 conditions, outperforming traditional amine-treated counterparts. Our findings demonstrate a promising pathway towards photothermally stable and efficient APTSCs.