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<p>Nationwide surveillance of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in live poultry markets across China has occurred since 2014, providing a resource for AIV prevalence and genetic diversity studies. Here we report that 3,237 of 18,425 samples from poultry were AIV positive (17.57%) between 2019 and 2023, with H9N2 being the dominant subtype. We developed an automated phylogeny-based nomenclature system to classify genetic clades of the dominant H9N2 lineage, the BJ94 lineage. Using this model, we found that ten haemagglutinin (HA) sub-subclades cocirculated in poultry and showed antigenic variation. In addition, 99.46% and 96.17% of H9N2 AIVs in 2021–2023 possessed human-receptor binding-related HA-L226 and human MxA-resistance-related NP-N52 mutations, respectively. H9N2 strains with these two mutations preferred human-type receptors and increased replication in human cells in vitro, regardless of the presence of PB2-V/K/E627. Moreover, H9N2 AIVs containing HA-L226, PB2-V/K627 and NP-N52 were transmitted from infected to naive guinea pigs and ferrets through direct contact and respiratory droplet. This highlights the potential zoonotic risks of H9N2 AIVs.</p>

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Genetic diversity of H9N2 avian influenza viruses in poultry across China and implications for zoonotic transmission

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月3日

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  • Jing Yang,
  • Juan Li,
  • Ju Sun,
  • Jiaming Li,
  • Guanghua Fu,
  • Tian Tian,
  • Yongchun Yang,
  • Xuancheng Lu,
  • Shan Li,
  • Lixia Wang,
  • Jia Dong,
  • Mingjia Wu,
  • Yun Liu,
  • Delong Li,
  • Dongfang Hu,
  • Hui Dong,
  • Ruoyu Shang,
  • Yanqing Wang,
  • Kunpeng Yuan,
  • Lin Ran,
  • Honglei Sun,
  • Wenxia Tian,
  • Yu Huang,
  • Jinhua Liu,
  • Wenjun Liu,
  • Weifeng Shi,
  • George F. Gao,
  • Yuhai Bi

摘要

Nationwide surveillance of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in live poultry markets across China has occurred since 2014, providing a resource for AIV prevalence and genetic diversity studies. Here we report that 3,237 of 18,425 samples from poultry were AIV positive (17.57%) between 2019 and 2023, with H9N2 being the dominant subtype. We developed an automated phylogeny-based nomenclature system to classify genetic clades of the dominant H9N2 lineage, the BJ94 lineage. Using this model, we found that ten haemagglutinin (HA) sub-subclades cocirculated in poultry and showed antigenic variation. In addition, 99.46% and 96.17% of H9N2 AIVs in 2021–2023 possessed human-receptor binding-related HA-L226 and human MxA-resistance-related NP-N52 mutations, respectively. H9N2 strains with these two mutations preferred human-type receptors and increased replication in human cells in vitro, regardless of the presence of PB2-V/K/E627. Moreover, H9N2 AIVs containing HA-L226, PB2-V/K627 and NP-N52 were transmitted from infected to naive guinea pigs and ferrets through direct contact and respiratory droplet. This highlights the potential zoonotic risks of H9N2 AIVs.