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<p>Evidence is widely acknowledged as essential for crafting effective public policies. Despite its critical role, we know surprisingly little about the specific sources that inform decisions around the world. This paper explores the sources of evidence in the policymaking arena by analysing evidence cited in over 1.2 million policy documents from 185 countries. Our analyses capture references to 3.5 million scholarly works and 740,000 policy sources, including contributions from government agencies, academic researchers, international organizations and think tanks. We map global patterns in citation practices, highlighting regional and policy domain variation, focusing on the documented, accessible and digitally visible evidence available to policymakers. Our findings reveal a pronounced concentration of attention: the vast majority of foreign evidence cited—both academic and policy—is produced in the Global North, even in documents authored by governments in the Global South. These patterns persist across policy areas, though with notable variation in the types of source commonly used. Overall, the findings reveal a highly concentrated evidence landscape, where a small number of countries disproportionately serve as global reference points, underscoring persistent asymmetries in visibility, access and influence within the international policy knowledge ecosystem.</p>

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Government policy documents across 185 countries largely cite Global North sources

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月7日

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  • Sebastian Ramirez-Ruiz,
  • Roman Senninger

摘要

Evidence is widely acknowledged as essential for crafting effective public policies. Despite its critical role, we know surprisingly little about the specific sources that inform decisions around the world. This paper explores the sources of evidence in the policymaking arena by analysing evidence cited in over 1.2 million policy documents from 185 countries. Our analyses capture references to 3.5 million scholarly works and 740,000 policy sources, including contributions from government agencies, academic researchers, international organizations and think tanks. We map global patterns in citation practices, highlighting regional and policy domain variation, focusing on the documented, accessible and digitally visible evidence available to policymakers. Our findings reveal a pronounced concentration of attention: the vast majority of foreign evidence cited—both academic and policy—is produced in the Global North, even in documents authored by governments in the Global South. These patterns persist across policy areas, though with notable variation in the types of source commonly used. Overall, the findings reveal a highly concentrated evidence landscape, where a small number of countries disproportionately serve as global reference points, underscoring persistent asymmetries in visibility, access and influence within the international policy knowledge ecosystem.