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<p>Rising atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> reduces soil phosphorus (P) availability in paddy soils by promoting soil organic P accumulation and crop harvest removal. Atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> and temperatures are increasing simultaneously, yet their interaction with the soil P cycle remains unresolved. Here we report a decade-long free-air CO<sub>2</sub> enrichment experiment integrated with in situ warming (+2 °C) in a typical paddy–upland rotation system. We find that both elevated CO<sub>2</sub> and warming exacerbate P constraints, and that warming alone and in combination with elevated CO<sub>2</sub> has a greater impact than elevated CO<sub>2</sub> alone. All climate change treatments significantly depleted soil available P (32–54%) and increased the soil C:P ratios (4–30%). Moreover, warming initially accelerated P mineralization but reduced P availability by enhancing Fe–organic carbon complexes and microbial immobilization. These processes, together with increased crop P demand driven by accelerated growth under elevated CO<sub>2</sub>, exacerbate P depletion. We identify Fe–organic carbon interactions as a previously overlooked mechanism that significantly reduces P bioavailability. Our findings offer a mechanistic framework linking aboveground–belowground C–P coupling with microbially driven Fe–organic matter dynamics, highlighting the urgent need for adaptive nutrient management strategies to sustain rice production under future climate change.</p>

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Reduced phosphorus bioavailability in rice paddies intensified by elevated CO2-driven warming

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月3日

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  • Yu Wang,
  • Hao Chen,
  • Weihua Su,
  • Hongmeng Zhao,
  • Benjamin L. Turner,
  • Chuang Cai,
  • Yiqi Luo,
  • Josep Peñuelas,
  • Kees Jan van Groenigen,
  • Dongming Wang,
  • Yuanyuan Huang,
  • Mingkai Jiang,
  • Lei Wang,
  • Shenqiang Wang,
  • Yong-Guan Zhu,
  • Renfang Shen,
  • Jiabao Zhang,
  • Chunwu Zhu

摘要

Rising atmospheric CO2 reduces soil phosphorus (P) availability in paddy soils by promoting soil organic P accumulation and crop harvest removal. Atmospheric CO2 and temperatures are increasing simultaneously, yet their interaction with the soil P cycle remains unresolved. Here we report a decade-long free-air CO2 enrichment experiment integrated with in situ warming (+2 °C) in a typical paddy–upland rotation system. We find that both elevated CO2 and warming exacerbate P constraints, and that warming alone and in combination with elevated CO2 has a greater impact than elevated CO2 alone. All climate change treatments significantly depleted soil available P (32–54%) and increased the soil C:P ratios (4–30%). Moreover, warming initially accelerated P mineralization but reduced P availability by enhancing Fe–organic carbon complexes and microbial immobilization. These processes, together with increased crop P demand driven by accelerated growth under elevated CO2, exacerbate P depletion. We identify Fe–organic carbon interactions as a previously overlooked mechanism that significantly reduces P bioavailability. Our findings offer a mechanistic framework linking aboveground–belowground C–P coupling with microbially driven Fe–organic matter dynamics, highlighting the urgent need for adaptive nutrient management strategies to sustain rice production under future climate change.