Soil respiration response to decade-long warming modulated by soil moisture in a boreal forest

The effects of long-term climate warming on soil respiration and its drivers remain unclear in forests, which store approximately 40% of global soil carbon. Here we conducted a climate change experiment for 13 years in forest plots planted with tree juveniles at two southern boreal forest sites. Treatments included simultaneous above- and below-ground warming (ambient, +1.7 °C and +3.3 °C) under different rainfall scenarios (100% and 60% of summer rainfall) and contrasting overstory canopy openness (open and closed). Soil respiration increased by 7% and 17% under +1.7 °C and +3.3 °C warming, respectively, averaged across all sites, treatments and years. These increases in respiration were higher than impacts per degree warming of the only two prior long-term, but soil-only, forest warming experiments. Moreover, warming effects on soil respiration varied significantly over time. Under almost all conditions, moist soil exhibited a greater increase in respiration in response to warming than dry soil. Our results suggest that a realistic range of anticipated conditions, including both above- and below-ground temperature and moisture, should be accounted for when predicting warming effects on soil respiration.