<p>Vacuum deposition is a promising route for the fabrication of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, vacuum-deposited PSCs have not yet matched the performance achieved by solution-processed devices. Here we improve the performance of fully vacuum-deposited PSCs by controlling the solid-state reaction pathway. We find that formamidinium acetate reacts directly with PbI<sub>2</sub> to form FAPbI<sub>3</sub> seed layers, substantially lowering the barrier to the solid-state conversion of precursors into the crystalline δ-phase and their subsequent transformation into the α-phase perovskite. Moreover, the excess acetate passivates grain boundary defects, thereby suppressing non-radiative recombination. As a result, the PSCs achieve a power conversion efficiency of 25.53% and an electroluminescence external quantum efficiency of 18.38%. Importantly, the solvent-free fabrication also enables excellent device stability, with the devices retaining over 95% of their initial power conversion efficiency after 1,000 h under the ISOS-L-1 protocol.</p>

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Controlled solid-state crystallization with formamidinium acetate for fully vacuum-deposited perovskite solar cells

  • Yutian Xu,
  • Tengfei Pan,
  • Xiaorong Shi,
  • Yajing Li,
  • Xinwu Ke,
  • Junhao Liu,
  • Na Meng,
  • Yuanhao Cui,
  • Ziqiang Wang,
  • Kui Xu,
  • Xue Min,
  • Zhelu Hu,
  • Lingfeng Chao,
  • Wei Zhu,
  • Chao Ma,
  • Nana Wang,
  • Qingxun Guo,
  • Yingdong Xia,
  • Yonghua Chen,
  • Wei Huang

摘要

Vacuum deposition is a promising route for the fabrication of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, vacuum-deposited PSCs have not yet matched the performance achieved by solution-processed devices. Here we improve the performance of fully vacuum-deposited PSCs by controlling the solid-state reaction pathway. We find that formamidinium acetate reacts directly with PbI2 to form FAPbI3 seed layers, substantially lowering the barrier to the solid-state conversion of precursors into the crystalline δ-phase and their subsequent transformation into the α-phase perovskite. Moreover, the excess acetate passivates grain boundary defects, thereby suppressing non-radiative recombination. As a result, the PSCs achieve a power conversion efficiency of 25.53% and an electroluminescence external quantum efficiency of 18.38%. Importantly, the solvent-free fabrication also enables excellent device stability, with the devices retaining over 95% of their initial power conversion efficiency after 1,000 h under the ISOS-L-1 protocol.