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<p>Antimony chalcogenide (Sb<sub>2</sub>(S,Se)<sub>3</sub>) is a promising candidate for next-generation photovoltaic materials due to its optoelectronic properties, high absorption coefficient and material availability. Hydrothermal deposition has advanced the technology, but there is a limited understanding of the underlying reaction mechanisms, often resulting in non-ideal valence band maximum gradient across the absorber thickness and high concentration of deep-level defects. Here we introduce sodium sulfide as an additive in the precursor solution to control reaction kinetics. This strategy enables a more uniform depth-dependent elemental distribution, flattens the unfavourable valence band maximum gradient across the depth and suppresses the formation of deep-level defects. We demonstrate an improvement in Sb<sub>2</sub>(S,Se)<sub>3</sub> material quality, achieving a power conversion efficiency of 11.02%, with a certified value of 10.7 ± 0.37%. This work advances the efficiency for Sb<sub>2</sub>(S,Se)<sub>3</sub> solar cells and provides insights to optimize the hydrothermal synthesis for this technology.</p>

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Regulation of hydrothermal reaction kinetics with sodium sulfide for certified 10.7% efficiency Sb2(S,Se)3 solar cells

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月14日

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  • Chen Qian,
  • Kaiwen Sun,
  • Jialiang Huang,
  • Junjie Yang,
  • Jialin Cong,
  • Mingrui He,
  • Zhen Li,
  • Ziyue Feng,
  • Xu Liu,
  • Rongfeng Tang,
  • Martin Green,
  • Tao Chen,
  • Xiaojing Hao

摘要

Antimony chalcogenide (Sb2(S,Se)3) is a promising candidate for next-generation photovoltaic materials due to its optoelectronic properties, high absorption coefficient and material availability. Hydrothermal deposition has advanced the technology, but there is a limited understanding of the underlying reaction mechanisms, often resulting in non-ideal valence band maximum gradient across the absorber thickness and high concentration of deep-level defects. Here we introduce sodium sulfide as an additive in the precursor solution to control reaction kinetics. This strategy enables a more uniform depth-dependent elemental distribution, flattens the unfavourable valence band maximum gradient across the depth and suppresses the formation of deep-level defects. We demonstrate an improvement in Sb2(S,Se)3 material quality, achieving a power conversion efficiency of 11.02%, with a certified value of 10.7 ± 0.37%. This work advances the efficiency for Sb2(S,Se)3 solar cells and provides insights to optimize the hydrothermal synthesis for this technology.