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<p>Industrial-sector decarbonization requires the adoption of energy-efficient heating technologies such as heat pumps. Among these, vapour compression is the most efficient method. However, its refrigerants pose environmental and safety concerns and preclude heat-pump operation above 600 K. Many industrial processes operating above this temperature use fossil fuels or resistive electrical heating, which generate a substantial amount of unused waste heat. It is therefore essential to develop technologies that efficiently recover and pump heat at such high temperatures. In this Review, we highlight the opportunities and challenges for emerging and environmentally friendly high-temperature heat-pump technologies based on solids or gases. These technologies have the potential to deliver heat at temperatures up to 1,600 K. We provide an outlook on potential solutions, applications and scalability and a roadmap for future technological progress.</p>

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Emerging opportunities for high-temperature solid-state and gas-cycle heat pumps

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月5日

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  • Andrej Kitanovski,
  • Katja Klinar,
  • Ercang Luo,
  • Miguel Muñoz Rojo,
  • Vladimir Soldo,
  • Luka Boban,
  • Kaiqi Luo,
  • Rui Yang,
  • Xavier Moya

摘要

Industrial-sector decarbonization requires the adoption of energy-efficient heating technologies such as heat pumps. Among these, vapour compression is the most efficient method. However, its refrigerants pose environmental and safety concerns and preclude heat-pump operation above 600 K. Many industrial processes operating above this temperature use fossil fuels or resistive electrical heating, which generate a substantial amount of unused waste heat. It is therefore essential to develop technologies that efficiently recover and pump heat at such high temperatures. In this Review, we highlight the opportunities and challenges for emerging and environmentally friendly high-temperature heat-pump technologies based on solids or gases. These technologies have the potential to deliver heat at temperatures up to 1,600 K. We provide an outlook on potential solutions, applications and scalability and a roadmap for future technological progress.