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<p>Flow batteries are promising for renewable energy storage due to their safety and scalability. Zinc/bromine flow batteries (Zn/Br) are popular due to their high energy densities and inexpensive electrolytes. However, they have a poor service life and lead to environmental harm as a result of the generated corrosive and volatile Br<sub>2</sub>. Here we introduce a Br<sub>2</sub> scavenger to the catholyte, reducing the Br<sub>2</sub> concentration to an acceptable level (~7 mM). The scavenger, sodium sulfamate (SANa), reacts rapidly with Br<sub>2</sub> to form a mild product, <i>N</i>-bromo sodium sulfamate (Br-SANa; Br<sup>+</sup>). Additionally, the two-electron transfer reaction of Br-SANa/Br<sup>−</sup> (Br<sup>+</sup>/Br<sup>−</sup>) increases the energy density. We have developed a Zn/Br flow battery, paired with a Zn anode, that outperforms traditional Zn/Br flow batteries in energy density (152 Wh l<sup>−1</sup> versus 90 Wh l<sup>−1</sup>) and cycle life (&gt;600 versus 30 cycles), using a sulfonated polyetheretherketone membrane. We assembled a 5-kW stack that operated stably for over 700 cycles (~1,400 h). Using this reaction, we have built a large-scale battery system.</p>

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Grid-scale corrosion-free Zn/Br flow batteries enabled by a multi-electron transfer reaction

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月19日

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  • Yue Xu,
  • Tianyu Li,
  • Zhangquan Peng,
  • Congxin Xie,
  • Xianfeng Li

摘要

Flow batteries are promising for renewable energy storage due to their safety and scalability. Zinc/bromine flow batteries (Zn/Br) are popular due to their high energy densities and inexpensive electrolytes. However, they have a poor service life and lead to environmental harm as a result of the generated corrosive and volatile Br2. Here we introduce a Br2 scavenger to the catholyte, reducing the Br2 concentration to an acceptable level (~7 mM). The scavenger, sodium sulfamate (SANa), reacts rapidly with Br2 to form a mild product, N-bromo sodium sulfamate (Br-SANa; Br+). Additionally, the two-electron transfer reaction of Br-SANa/Br− (Br+/Br−) increases the energy density. We have developed a Zn/Br flow battery, paired with a Zn anode, that outperforms traditional Zn/Br flow batteries in energy density (152 Wh l−1 versus 90 Wh l−1) and cycle life (>600 versus 30 cycles), using a sulfonated polyetheretherketone membrane. We assembled a 5-kW stack that operated stably for over 700 cycles (~1,400 h). Using this reaction, we have built a large-scale battery system.