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<p>Carbon-based perovskite solar cells (C-PSCs) processed at low temperature are gaining attention due to their enhanced stability and cost-effectiveness. However, these benefits are offset by reduced device performance, primarily stemming from inefficient charge transfer between the hole transport layer (HTL) and the carbon electrode. Here we report the use of graphene oxide functionalized with carboxy groups (GO-COOH) as a dopant for the HTL material 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis(<i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-di-<i>p</i>-methoxyphenyl-amine)-9,9′-spirobifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD) to facilitate interfacial charge transfer and immobilize lithium ions to improve both device performance and stability. We demonstrate electron transfer between GO-COOH and Spiro-OMeTAD, where the delocalized electrons in GO-COOH enable p-doping without exposure to oxygen, leading to a strong π–π-conjugated HTL–carbon interface. The formation of Li–C bonds immobilizes the mobile lithium ions, further improving device stability. As a result, the C-PSCs achieve a power conversion efficiency of 23.6%, maintaining 98.7% of their initial performance after 1,000 h of continuous illumination. These results bring the performance of C-PSCs closer to that of devices employing metal electrodes.</p>

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Graphene oxide doping of the hole injection layer enables 23.6% efficiency in perovskite solar cells with carbon electrodes

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月5日

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  • Yudi Wang,
  • Wenrui Li,
  • Xin Wu,
  • Guanghao Meng,
  • Qiuyu Liu,
  • Wenpei Zhao,
  • Bo Li,
  • Francesco Vanin,
  • Hongjiang Li,
  • Yanying Shi,
  • Shuhong Wang,
  • Ziyang Tian,
  • Linghui Zhang,
  • Jie Zhang,
  • Zonglong Zhu,
  • Yantao Shi

摘要

Carbon-based perovskite solar cells (C-PSCs) processed at low temperature are gaining attention due to their enhanced stability and cost-effectiveness. However, these benefits are offset by reduced device performance, primarily stemming from inefficient charge transfer between the hole transport layer (HTL) and the carbon electrode. Here we report the use of graphene oxide functionalized with carboxy groups (GO-COOH) as a dopant for the HTL material 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenyl-amine)-9,9′-spirobifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD) to facilitate interfacial charge transfer and immobilize lithium ions to improve both device performance and stability. We demonstrate electron transfer between GO-COOH and Spiro-OMeTAD, where the delocalized electrons in GO-COOH enable p-doping without exposure to oxygen, leading to a strong π–π-conjugated HTL–carbon interface. The formation of Li–C bonds immobilizes the mobile lithium ions, further improving device stability. As a result, the C-PSCs achieve a power conversion efficiency of 23.6%, maintaining 98.7% of their initial performance after 1,000 h of continuous illumination. These results bring the performance of C-PSCs closer to that of devices employing metal electrodes.