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<p>Solution processing has great advantages for emerging thin-film solar cells but remains a big challenge for multielemental inorganic films due to complicated phase evolution and grain growth during crystallization. Here we report the fabrication of uniform, large-area Cu<sub>2</sub>ZnSn(S,Se)<sub>4</sub> (CZTSSe) films and solar modules from solution. By tuning the thiourea/metal ratio to increase film porosity—thereby promoting more uniform vertical reaction and lateral grain growth—we improved the uniformity of CZTSSe films and achieved a single-cell efficiency of 13.4% and a solar module efficiency of 8.91%. We further optimized the module structure to reduce non-ideal contact and patterning-induced shunt and resistive losses, resulting in a champion CZTSSe module with a National Renewable Energy Laboratory-certified efficiency of 10.1%. This module also exhibits the lowest cell-to-module loss in open circuit voltage and current density among state-of-the-art emerging thin-film solar modules. Our work demonstrates the viability of solution processing to deposit uniform, large-area CZTSSe film and efficient solar modules, advancing the development of the technology.</p>

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Solution-processed kesterite solar module with 10.1% certified efficiency

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月15日

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  • Chunxu Xiang,
  • Mingjun Yuan,
  • Chuan’an Ding,
  • Yuanyuan Zheng,
  • Yize Li,
  • Xiaole Hu,
  • Jie Zhang,
  • Xinyu Li,
  • Chengfeng Ma,
  • Shaoying Wang,
  • Weibo Yan,
  • Chunlei Yang,
  • Wei Huang,
  • Hao Xin

摘要

Solution processing has great advantages for emerging thin-film solar cells but remains a big challenge for multielemental inorganic films due to complicated phase evolution and grain growth during crystallization. Here we report the fabrication of uniform, large-area Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTSSe) films and solar modules from solution. By tuning the thiourea/metal ratio to increase film porosity—thereby promoting more uniform vertical reaction and lateral grain growth—we improved the uniformity of CZTSSe films and achieved a single-cell efficiency of 13.4% and a solar module efficiency of 8.91%. We further optimized the module structure to reduce non-ideal contact and patterning-induced shunt and resistive losses, resulting in a champion CZTSSe module with a National Renewable Energy Laboratory-certified efficiency of 10.1%. This module also exhibits the lowest cell-to-module loss in open circuit voltage and current density among state-of-the-art emerging thin-film solar modules. Our work demonstrates the viability of solution processing to deposit uniform, large-area CZTSSe film and efficient solar modules, advancing the development of the technology.