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<p>Sulfide kesterite Cu<sub>2</sub>ZnSnS<sub>4</sub> (CZTS)—a non-toxic and low-cost photovoltaic material—has always faced severe charge recombination and poor carrier transport, resulting in its cell efficiency record stagnating at around 11% for years. The implementation of gradient bandgaps is a promising approach to relieving these issues, but it has not been effectively realized in kesterite solar cells due to challenges around controlling the elemental distribution. Here, based on Cd-alloyed CZTS, we propose a pre-crystallization strategy to reduce the intense vertical mass transport and Cd rapid diffusion in the film growth process, thereby realizing a Cd-gradient CZTS absorber. This absorber, exhibiting a downward-bent conduction band structure, effectively enhances the bulk carrier transport and additionally improves the interface properties of the CZTS/CdS heterojunction. These benefits significantly enhance the photoelectric conversion performance of the cell and help in achieving a certified total-area cell efficiency of about 13.2% with obviously reduced voltage loss, realizing a substantial step forward for the pure-sulfide kesterite solar cell.</p>

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Gradient bandgaps in sulfide kesterite solar cells enable over 13% certified efficiency

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年1月3日

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  • Kang Yin,
  • Jinlin Wang,
  • Licheng Lou,
  • Fanqi Meng,
  • Xiao Xu,
  • Bowen Zhang,
  • Menghan Jiao,
  • Jiangjian Shi,
  • Dongmei Li,
  • Huijue Wu,
  • Yanhong Luo,
  • Qingbo Meng

摘要

Sulfide kesterite Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS)—a non-toxic and low-cost photovoltaic material—has always faced severe charge recombination and poor carrier transport, resulting in its cell efficiency record stagnating at around 11% for years. The implementation of gradient bandgaps is a promising approach to relieving these issues, but it has not been effectively realized in kesterite solar cells due to challenges around controlling the elemental distribution. Here, based on Cd-alloyed CZTS, we propose a pre-crystallization strategy to reduce the intense vertical mass transport and Cd rapid diffusion in the film growth process, thereby realizing a Cd-gradient CZTS absorber. This absorber, exhibiting a downward-bent conduction band structure, effectively enhances the bulk carrier transport and additionally improves the interface properties of the CZTS/CdS heterojunction. These benefits significantly enhance the photoelectric conversion performance of the cell and help in achieving a certified total-area cell efficiency of about 13.2% with obviously reduced voltage loss, realizing a substantial step forward for the pure-sulfide kesterite solar cell.