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<p>Carbon pricing is one of the most effective climate mitigation instruments, yet how it interacts with other climate policies and shapes their effectiveness remains unclear. Integrating the most comprehensive climate policy datasets covering more than 10,000 climate policies over 100 countries, this paper quantifies such policy interaction effects. We use synthetic control methods for policy effect estimation, construct a Global Climate Policy Index to reflect different policy designs and conduct global comparative studies on policy interactions. Our results show that under historical average levels of prices and coverage, emissions trading systems and carbon taxes reduce emission intensity by approximately 15.4% and 8.5%, respectively, and these reductions are significantly influenced by policy interactions, with both synergies and conflicts based on market maturity and policy intensity. Counterfactual simulations suggest that reducing such policy conflicts could improve carbon pricing effectiveness by up to 22.3%, highlighting the importance of policy coherence in climate mitigation strategies.</p>

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Cross-national comparative assessment of synergies and conflicts in climate policy mixes

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月11日

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  • Libo Wu,
  • Guolei Liu,
  • Zhihao Huang,
  • Jing Meng,
  • Yang Zhou

摘要

Carbon pricing is one of the most effective climate mitigation instruments, yet how it interacts with other climate policies and shapes their effectiveness remains unclear. Integrating the most comprehensive climate policy datasets covering more than 10,000 climate policies over 100 countries, this paper quantifies such policy interaction effects. We use synthetic control methods for policy effect estimation, construct a Global Climate Policy Index to reflect different policy designs and conduct global comparative studies on policy interactions. Our results show that under historical average levels of prices and coverage, emissions trading systems and carbon taxes reduce emission intensity by approximately 15.4% and 8.5%, respectively, and these reductions are significantly influenced by policy interactions, with both synergies and conflicts based on market maturity and policy intensity. Counterfactual simulations suggest that reducing such policy conflicts could improve carbon pricing effectiveness by up to 22.3%, highlighting the importance of policy coherence in climate mitigation strategies.