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<p>The origin of high-energy astrophysical neutrinos remains unresolved, and secure electromagnetic counterparts to individual events are rare despite rapid follow-up. Dusty star-forming galaxies (DSFGs) at cosmic noon (<i>z</i> ≈ 1–4) are natural cosmic-ray calorimeters, yet observational links between DSFGs and neutrinos have remained unknown. Here we report a compact-core DSFG within an IceCube localization, JCMT0402−0424, a quadruply lensed galaxy at <i>z</i> = 2.988 located inside the 90% containment region of the IceCube event IC 210922A. Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array imaging and lens modelling resolve a highly magnified, compact starburst with no bright γ-ray or X-ray counterpart above current sensitivity limits. Considering the positional agreement, the low chance–coincidence probability (≲1%) for such an extreme submillimetre source, the absence of equally plausible alternatives in the field and the compact, gas-rich core revealed by Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array, JCMT0402−0424 is the most plausible electromagnetic counterpart candidate within the IC 210922A localization. In a population context, compact-core starbursts at cosmic noon can provide a non-negligible population-level contribution to the diffuse high-energy neutrino background, even though the neutrino yield from any single DSFG is modest. This result connects high-energy neutrino production to the peak epoch of cosmic star formation, opening a new avenue to probe galaxy evolution and cosmic-ray acceleration across cosmic time.</p>

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Compact dusty starbursts at cosmic noon linked to high-energy neutrinos

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月17日

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  • Yuji Urata,
  • Kuiyun Huang,
  • Bunyo Hatsukade,
  • Mansi Kasliwal,
  • Shigeo S. Kimura,
  • Yuichi Matsuda,
  • Yusuke Miyamoto,
  • Hiroshi Nagai,
  • Kouichiro Nakanishi,
  • Robert Stein

摘要

The origin of high-energy astrophysical neutrinos remains unresolved, and secure electromagnetic counterparts to individual events are rare despite rapid follow-up. Dusty star-forming galaxies (DSFGs) at cosmic noon (z ≈ 1–4) are natural cosmic-ray calorimeters, yet observational links between DSFGs and neutrinos have remained unknown. Here we report a compact-core DSFG within an IceCube localization, JCMT0402−0424, a quadruply lensed galaxy at z = 2.988 located inside the 90% containment region of the IceCube event IC 210922A. Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array imaging and lens modelling resolve a highly magnified, compact starburst with no bright γ-ray or X-ray counterpart above current sensitivity limits. Considering the positional agreement, the low chance–coincidence probability (≲1%) for such an extreme submillimetre source, the absence of equally plausible alternatives in the field and the compact, gas-rich core revealed by Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array, JCMT0402−0424 is the most plausible electromagnetic counterpart candidate within the IC 210922A localization. In a population context, compact-core starbursts at cosmic noon can provide a non-negligible population-level contribution to the diffuse high-energy neutrino background, even though the neutrino yield from any single DSFG is modest. This result connects high-energy neutrino production to the peak epoch of cosmic star formation, opening a new avenue to probe galaxy evolution and cosmic-ray acceleration across cosmic time.