Accurate determination of chemical abundances near a supermassive black hole

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2026年3月31日

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Marc Audard,
Hisamitsu Awaki,
Ralf Ballhausen,
Aya Bamba,
Ehud Behar,
Rozenn Boissay-Malaquin,
Laura Brenneman,
Gregory V. Brown,
Lia Corrales,
Elisa Costantini,
Renata Cumbee,
María Díaz Trigo,
Chris Done,
Tadayasu Dotani,
Ken Ebisawa,
Megan E. Eckart,
Dominique Eckert,
Teruaki Enoto,
Satoshi Eguchi,
Yuichiro Ezoe,
Adam Foster,
Ryuichi Fujimoto,
Yutaka Fujita,
Yasushi Fukazawa,
Kotaro Fukushima,
Akihiro Furuzawa,
Luigi Gallo,
Javier A. Garcia,
Liyi Gu,
Matteo Guainazzi,
Kouichi Hagino,
Kenji Hamaguchi,
Isamu Hatsukade,
Katsuhiro Hayashi,
Takayuki Hayashi,
Natalie Hell,
Edmund Hodges-Kluck,
Ann Hornschemeier,
Yuto Ichinohe,
Daiki Ishi,
Manabu Ishida,
Kumi Ishikawa,
Yoshitaka Ishisaki,
Jelle Kaastra,
Timothy Kallman,
Erin Kara,
Satoru Katsuda,
Yoshiaki Kanemaru,
Richard Kelley,
Caroline Kilbourne,
Shunji Kitamoto,
Shogo Kobayashi,
Takayoshi Kohmura,
Aya Kubota,
Maurice Leutenegger,
Michael Loewenstein,
Yoshitomo Maeda,
Maxim Markevitch,
Hironori Matsumoto,
Kyoko Matsushita,
Dan McCammon,
Brian McNamara,
François Mernier,
Eric D. Miller,
Jon M. Miller,
Ikuyuki Mitsuishi,
Misaki Mizumoto,
Tsunefumi Mizuno,
Koji Mori,
Koji Mukai,
Hiroshi Murakami,
Richard Mushotzky,
Hiroshi Nakajima,
Kazuhiro Nakazawa,
Jan-Uwe Ness,
Kumiko Nobukawa,
Masayoshi Nobukawa,
Hirofumi Noda,
Hirokazu Odaka,
Shoji Ogawa,
Anna Ogorzalek,
Takashi Okajima,
Naomi Ota,
Stephane Paltani,
Robert Petre,
Paul Plucinsky,
Frederick Scott Porter,
Katja Pottschmidt,
Kosuke Sato,
Toshiki Sato,
Makoto Sawada,
Hiromi Seta,
Megumi Shidatsu,
Aurora Simionescu,
Randall Smith,
Hiromasa Suzuki,
Andrew Szymkowiak,
Hiromitsu Takahashi,
Mai Takeo,
Toru Tamagawa,
Keisuke Tamura,
Takaaki Tanaka,
Atsushi Tanimoto,
Makoto Tashiro,
Yukikatsu Terada,
Yuichi Terashima,
Yohko Tsuboi,
Masahiro Tsujimoto,
Hiroshi Tsunemi,
Takeshi G. Tsuru,
Ayşegül Tümer,
Hiroyuki Uchida,
Nagomi Uchida,
Yuusuke Uchida,
Hideki Uchiyama,
Yoshihiro Ueda,
Shinichiro Uno,
Jacco Vink,
Shin Watanabe,
Brian J. Williams,
Satoshi Yamada,
Shinya Yamada,
Hiroya Yamaguchi,
Kazutaka Yamaoka,
Noriko Yamasaki,
Makoto Yamauchi,
Shigeo Yamauchi,
Tahir Yaqoob,
Tomokage Yoneyama,
Tessei Yoshida,
Mihoko Yukita,
Irina Zhuravleva,
Kanta Fujiwara,
Takuma Izumi,
Taiki Kawamuro,
Keiichi Maeda,
Yuya Nakatani,
Frits Paerels,
Ryosuke Uematsu,
Bert Vander Meulen

摘要

The metal abundances in galactic nuclei carry key information on the history of star formation and mass transfer in central regions of galaxies. X-ray fluorescence analysis is a unique tool to reliably measure the abundances of various elements via simple physics. Here we present a new observation of the active nucleus in the Circinus galaxy with the XRISM satellite at unprecedented X-ray energy resolution. The fluorescent iron Kα line profile modified by Compton scattering indicates that the material responsible for its emission is cold and metal rich and is located ≳0.024 pc from the supermassive black hole, consistent with the dusty torus region. The abundance pattern derived from comparing fluorescent line intensities of different metals shows subsolar ratios of argon- and calcium-to-iron and a supersolar ratio of nickel-to-iron. This abundance pattern is best produced by a combination in number fraction of $9{2}_{-4}^{+2} \%$ $9 2_{- 4}^{+ 2} %$ core-collapse supernovae from progenitor stars less massive than $2{0}_{-2}^{+3\,}{M}_{\odot }$ $2 0_{- 2}^{+ 3} M_{⊙}$ and ${8}_{-2}^{+4} \%$ $8_{- 2}^{+ 4} %$ type Ia supernovae. This suggests that gas feeding the supermassive black hole was enriched by recent core-collapse supernovae. Our findings imply that in metal-rich environments stars more massive than about 20 M_⊙ directly collapse into black holes or make faint supernovae without ejecting heavy metals into the space.