A fast X-ray transient from a weak relativistic jet associated with a type Ic-BL supernova

期刊论文
发表日期：

2025年6月26日

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H. Sun,
W.-X. Li,
L.-D. Liu,
H. Gao,
X.-F. Wang,
W. Yuan,
B. Zhang,
A. V. Filippenko,
D. Xu,
T. An,
S. Ai,
T. G. Brink,
Y. Liu,
Y.-Q. Liu,
C.-Y. Wang,
Q.-Y. Wu,
X.-F. Wu,
Y. Yang,
B.-B. Zhang,
W.-K. Zheng,
T. Ahumada,
Z.-G. Dai,
J. Delaunay,
N. Elias-Rosa,
S. Benetti,
S.-Y. Fu,
D. A. Howell,
Y.-F. Huang,
M. M. Kasliwal,
V. Karambelkar,
R. Stein,
W.-H. Lei,
T.-Y. Lian,
Z.-K. Peng,
D. D. Frederiks,
A. V. Ridnaia,
D. S. Svinkin,
X.-Y. Wang,
A.-L. Wang,
D.-M. Wei,
J. An,
M. Andrews,
J.-M Bai,
C.-Y. Dai,
S. A. Ehgamberdiev,
Z. Fan,
J. Farah,
H.-C. Feng,
J. P. U. Fynbo,
W.-J. Guo,
Z. Guo,
M.-K. Hu,
J.-W. Hu,
S.-Q. Jiang,
J.-J. Jin,
A. Li,
J.-D. Li,
R.-Z. Li,
Y.-F. Liang,
Z.-X. Ling,
X. Liu,
J.-R. Mao,
C. McCully,
D. Mirzaqulov,
M. Newsome,
E. Padilla Gonzalez,
X. Pan,
G. Terreran,
S. Tinyanont,
B.-T. Wang,
L.-Z. Wang,
X.-D. Wen,
D.-F. Xiang,
S.-J. Xue,
J. Yang,
Z.-P. Zhu,
Z.-M. Cai,
A. J. Castro-Tirado,
F.-S. Chen,
H.-L. Chen,
T.-X. Chen,
W. Chen,
Y.-H. Chen,
Y.-F. Chen,
Y. Chen,
H.-Q. Cheng,
B. Cordier,
C.-Z. Cui,
W.-W. Cui,
Y.-F. Dai,
D.-W. Fan,
H. Feng,
J. Guan,
D.-W. Han,
D.-J. Hou,
H.-B. Hu,
M.-H. Huang,
J. Huo,
S.-M. Jia,
Z.-Q. Jia,
B.-W. Jiang,
C.-C. Jin,
G. Jin,
E. Kuulkers,
C.-K. Li,
D.-Y. Li,
J.-F. Li,
L.-H. Li,
M.-S. Li,
W. Li,
Z.-D. Li,
C.-Z. Liu,
H.-Y. Liu,
H.-Q. Liu,
M.-J. Liu,
F.-J. Lu,
L.-D. Luo,
J. Ma,
X. Mao,
K. Nandra,
P. O’Brien,
H.-W. Pan,
A. Rau,
N. Rea,
J. Sanders,
L.-M. Song,
S.-L. Sun,
X.-J. Sun,
Y. -Y. Tan,
Q.-J. Tang,
Y.-H. Tao,
H. Wang,
J. Wang,
L. Wang,
W.-X. Wang,
Y.-L. Wang,
Y.-S. Wang,
D.-R. Xiong,
H.-T. Xu,
J.-J. Xu,
X.-P. Xu,
Y.-F. Xu,
Z. Xu,
C.-B. Xue,
Y.-L. Xue,
A.-L. Yan,
H.-N. Yang,
X.-T. Yang,
Y.-J. Yang,
C. Zhang,
J. Zhang,
M. Zhang,
S.-N. Zhang,
W.-D. Zhang,
W.-J. Zhang,
Y.-H. Zhang,
Z. Zhang,
Z. Zhang,
Z.-L. Zhang,
D.-H. Zhao,
H.-S. Zhao,
X.-F. Zhao,
Z.-J. Zhao,
Y.-L. Zhou,
Y.-X. Zhu,
Z.-C. Zhu,
H. Zou

摘要

Massive stars end their lives as core-collapse supernovae, among which some extremes are broad-lined type Ic supernovae from Wolf–Rayet stars associated with long-duration gamma-ray bursts (LGRBs) with powerful relativistic jets. Their less-extreme brethren make unsuccessful jets that are choked inside the stars, appearing as X-ray flashes or low-luminosity GRBs. However, there exists a population of extragalactic fast X-ray transients with timescales ranging from seconds to thousands of seconds, whose origins remain obscure. Here we report the discovery of the bright X-ray transient EP240414a detected by the Einstein Probe, which is associated with the type Ic supernova SN 2024gsa at a redshift of 0.401. The X-ray emission evolution is characterized by a very soft energy spectrum peaking at <1.3 keV, which makes it different from known LGRBs, X-ray flashes or low-luminosity GRBs. Follow-up observations at optical and radio bands revealed the existence of a weak relativistic jet that interacts with an extended shell surrounding the progenitor star. Located on the outskirts of a massive galaxy, this event reveals a population of explosions of Wolf–Rayet stars characterized by a less powerful engine that drives a successful but weak jet, possibly owing to a progenitor star with a smaller core angular momentum than in traditional LGRB progenitors.