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<p>Saponin fractions from <i>Quillaja saponaria</i> (QS) are promising vaccine adjuvants. Among these, QS-21 is a component in several FDA-approved vaccines, but its limited quantity may present a manufacturing bottleneck. While the related saponin, QS-18, is one of the most abundant fractions, its putative toxicity has historically hindered its clinical development. In this study, we formulated QS-18 into a seasonal influenza virus liposomal nanoparticle protein vaccine comprising contemporary, recombinant hemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens from influenza A (H1N1), influenza A (H3N2), and influenza B (Victoria lineage). This formulation did not exhibit overt QS-18 toxicity in mice or rabbits. In mice and ferrets, QS-18 adjuvanted particles elicited efficacious antibody responses and provided protection against influenza challenges, comparable to analogous QS-21 adjuvanted liposomes. These findings suggest that more study of QS-18 or QS-18-containing QS fractions is warranted for infectious disease vaccine adjuvant formulations.</p>

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Quillaja saponaria fraction QS-18 as an adjuvant for liposomal seasonal influenza vaccines

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月28日

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  • Qinzhe Li,
  • Zachary Sia,
  • Yuan Luo,
  • Wei-Chiao Huang,
  • Hilliard L. Kutscher,
  • Haojun Zhu,
  • Joaquin Ortega,
  • Bruce A. Davidson,
  • Jonathan F. Lovell

摘要

Saponin fractions from Quillaja saponaria (QS) are promising vaccine adjuvants. Among these, QS-21 is a component in several FDA-approved vaccines, but its limited quantity may present a manufacturing bottleneck. While the related saponin, QS-18, is one of the most abundant fractions, its putative toxicity has historically hindered its clinical development. In this study, we formulated QS-18 into a seasonal influenza virus liposomal nanoparticle protein vaccine comprising contemporary, recombinant hemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens from influenza A (H1N1), influenza A (H3N2), and influenza B (Victoria lineage). This formulation did not exhibit overt QS-18 toxicity in mice or rabbits. In mice and ferrets, QS-18 adjuvanted particles elicited efficacious antibody responses and provided protection against influenza challenges, comparable to analogous QS-21 adjuvanted liposomes. These findings suggest that more study of QS-18 or QS-18-containing QS fractions is warranted for infectious disease vaccine adjuvant formulations.