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<p>SARS-CoV-2 immunity and innate immune training may influence influenza vaccine immunogenicity. We investigated this in India. Adult volunteers with hybrid SARS-CoV-2 immunity were administered Fluarix<sup>TM</sup> Tetra (GlaxoSmithKlein) 2022/2023 NH Vaccine in 2022. Significant induction of hemagglutinin inhibition-specific antibodies and polyfunctional central memory CD4<sup>+</sup> T-cells (TCM) were observed 1-week post-vaccination with variable induction of CD8<sup>+</sup>T-cell and innate effectors. Vaccination also expanded Flu-specific regulatory T-cells (Treg), which negatively correlated with CD4 responses, highlighting vaccine immunogenicity may be subject to Treg dampening. Fluarix<sup>TM</sup> did not boost SARS-CoV-2 immunity. However, SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell responses correlated positively with vaccine-induced T-cell responses. We evaluated trained immunity post-COVID-19 as a potential regulatory mechanism linking SARS-CoV-2 and heterologous vaccine immunogenicity. We observed, elevated frequencies of basal bacterial Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced IL-6<sup>+</sup>IL1β<sup>+</sup>HLA-DR<sup>+</sup>CD14<sup>+</sup>CD16<sup>-</sup> frequencies post-COVID-19 correlated positively with vaccine-induced Fluarix-specific CD4 T-cell frequencies. Our study highlights a potential positive role for COVID-19-driven immune imprinting on heterologous vaccine immunogenicity in a post-COVID-19 era.</p>

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Influenza vaccination post-COVID-19 expands vaccine-specific effector CD4 T-cells and Tregs under positive influence of host trained innate immunity

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月26日

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  • Hima Bindhu,
  • Srabanti Rakshit,
  • Vasista Adiga,
  • Asma Ahmed,
  • Nirutha Chetan Kumar,
  • Maria Macrina,
  • Himanshu Tripathi,
  • Francesca Vanni,
  • Emanuele Montomoli,
  • Sweety Samal,
  • Sneha Raj,
  • Preeti Vishwakarma,
  • George D. Souza,
  • Shruthi Sasidharan,
  • Mary Dias,
  • Timothy Tree,
  • Annapurna Vyakarnam

摘要

SARS-CoV-2 immunity and innate immune training may influence influenza vaccine immunogenicity. We investigated this in India. Adult volunteers with hybrid SARS-CoV-2 immunity were administered FluarixTM Tetra (GlaxoSmithKlein) 2022/2023 NH Vaccine in 2022. Significant induction of hemagglutinin inhibition-specific antibodies and polyfunctional central memory CD4+ T-cells (TCM) were observed 1-week post-vaccination with variable induction of CD8+T-cell and innate effectors. Vaccination also expanded Flu-specific regulatory T-cells (Treg), which negatively correlated with CD4 responses, highlighting vaccine immunogenicity may be subject to Treg dampening. FluarixTM did not boost SARS-CoV-2 immunity. However, SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell responses correlated positively with vaccine-induced T-cell responses. We evaluated trained immunity post-COVID-19 as a potential regulatory mechanism linking SARS-CoV-2 and heterologous vaccine immunogenicity. We observed, elevated frequencies of basal bacterial Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced IL-6+IL1β+HLA-DR+CD14+CD16- frequencies post-COVID-19 correlated positively with vaccine-induced Fluarix-specific CD4 T-cell frequencies. Our study highlights a potential positive role for COVID-19-driven immune imprinting on heterologous vaccine immunogenicity in a post-COVID-19 era.