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<p>Cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors (COXIBs) have shown preventive and therapeutic potential for colorectal cancer (CRC). In addition to inhibiting COX, approved COXIBs also target COX-independent pathways, including NF-κB and AKT. We evaluated how inhibition of various COXIB targets affects cell proliferation and apoptosis using a Boolean model incorporating the effect of several genetic mutations linked to CRC. The mutations activate two positive feedback loops and cause increased cell proliferation and survival. When simulating loss of function of APC, proliferation and apoptosis can be restored to healthy rates by inhibiting COX2. In simulations reflecting other genetic mutations, none of the investigated targets restore apoptosis and proliferation is reduced by inhibiting AKT or NF-κB, but not by any of the other COX targets tested. These results show that the off-target effects of COXIBs are crucial for their efficacy in the treatment of sporadic CRC.</p>

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Network modeling of sporadic colorectal cancer reveals the importance of off-target effects of Cyclooxygenase inhibitors

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月27日

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  • Anthony R. Gebhart,
  • Manon M. M. Berns,
  • Jan Snoeys,
  • Jeroen Elassaiss-Schaap,
  • Elizabeth C. M. de Lange

摘要

Cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors (COXIBs) have shown preventive and therapeutic potential for colorectal cancer (CRC). In addition to inhibiting COX, approved COXIBs also target COX-independent pathways, including NF-κB and AKT. We evaluated how inhibition of various COXIB targets affects cell proliferation and apoptosis using a Boolean model incorporating the effect of several genetic mutations linked to CRC. The mutations activate two positive feedback loops and cause increased cell proliferation and survival. When simulating loss of function of APC, proliferation and apoptosis can be restored to healthy rates by inhibiting COX2. In simulations reflecting other genetic mutations, none of the investigated targets restore apoptosis and proliferation is reduced by inhibiting AKT or NF-κB, but not by any of the other COX targets tested. These results show that the off-target effects of COXIBs are crucial for their efficacy in the treatment of sporadic CRC.