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<p>This study investigates crossmodal fear generalization, testing whether conditioned fear spreads between different sensory modalities. Participants in the unimodal group were presented with visual stimuli—images of a sparrow (CS+) and a laptop (CS−)—while the crossmodal group received auditory stimuli—sparrow calls (CS+) and keyboard typing sounds (CS−). During the generalization phase, both groups were presented with conceptually similar visual stimuli (GSs) with varying similarity to the CS+ (e.g. high: Pigeon, moderate: Duck, low: Goat). Measures included US expectancy ratings, skin conductance responses (SCR), and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Results showed successful fear acquisition in both groups, with significantly higher US expectancy ratings, SCR, and mPFC HbO activity for CS+ compared to CS−. Both groups exhibited a gradient effect during the generalization phase, with GSs that were more perceptually similar to the CS+ eliciting higher US expectancy ratings. These findings support crossmodal fear generalization and offer new insights into the overgeneralization of fear in anxiety disorders.</p>

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A visual generalization gradient of conceptual stimuli based on fear acquisition in visual and auditory modalities

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月13日

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  • Xin Liu,
  • Benjamin Becker,
  • Ya Jie Wang,
  • Ying Mei,
  • Haoran Dou,
  • Yi Lei

摘要

This study investigates crossmodal fear generalization, testing whether conditioned fear spreads between different sensory modalities. Participants in the unimodal group were presented with visual stimuli—images of a sparrow (CS+) and a laptop (CS−)—while the crossmodal group received auditory stimuli—sparrow calls (CS+) and keyboard typing sounds (CS−). During the generalization phase, both groups were presented with conceptually similar visual stimuli (GSs) with varying similarity to the CS+ (e.g. high: Pigeon, moderate: Duck, low: Goat). Measures included US expectancy ratings, skin conductance responses (SCR), and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Results showed successful fear acquisition in both groups, with significantly higher US expectancy ratings, SCR, and mPFC HbO activity for CS+ compared to CS−. Both groups exhibited a gradient effect during the generalization phase, with GSs that were more perceptually similar to the CS+ eliciting higher US expectancy ratings. These findings support crossmodal fear generalization and offer new insights into the overgeneralization of fear in anxiety disorders.