<p>Semiconductor single-photon detectors cannot be straightforwardly adapted for the microwave regime, primarily because microwave photons carry far less energy and thus require cryogenic temperatures and specialized architectures. Here, we propose a hybrid spin-optomechanical interface to detect single microwave photons where the microwave photons are coupled to a phononic resonator via piezoelectric actuation. This phononic cavity also acts as a photonic cavity with either a single embedded Silicon-Vacancy (SiV<sup>−</sup>) center in diamond or an ensemble of these centers, bridging optical single-photon detection protocols into the microwave domain. We model the detection process as a communication channel whose capacity is quantified by the mutual information <i>I</i>(<i>A</i>; <i>B</i>) between the true photon occupancy (A) and the detector outcome (B). Depending on experimentally achievable parameters, simulations predict <i>I</i>(<i>A</i>; <i>B</i>) in the range <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41534_2025_1115_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="69" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(0.57\,\ln (2)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>0.57</mn> <mspace width="0.25em" /> <mo>ln</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> to <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41534_2025_1115_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="69" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(0.67\,\ln (2)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>0.67</mn> <mspace width="0.25em" /> <mo>ln</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, corresponding to true-positive (detection) probabilities above 90% and false-positive (dark count) probabilities below 10% per detection interval. These results suggest a viable path to low-noise, high-efficiency single-photon detection at microwave frequencies.</p>

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Microwave single-photon detection using a hybrid spin-optomechanical quantum interface

  • Pratyush Anand,
  • Ethan G. Arnault,
  • Matthew E. Trusheim,
  • Kurt Jacobs,
  • Dirk R. Englund

摘要

Semiconductor single-photon detectors cannot be straightforwardly adapted for the microwave regime, primarily because microwave photons carry far less energy and thus require cryogenic temperatures and specialized architectures. Here, we propose a hybrid spin-optomechanical interface to detect single microwave photons where the microwave photons are coupled to a phononic resonator via piezoelectric actuation. This phononic cavity also acts as a photonic cavity with either a single embedded Silicon-Vacancy (SiV) center in diamond or an ensemble of these centers, bridging optical single-photon detection protocols into the microwave domain. We model the detection process as a communication channel whose capacity is quantified by the mutual information I(A; B) between the true photon occupancy (A) and the detector outcome (B). Depending on experimentally achievable parameters, simulations predict I(A; B) in the range \(0.57\,\ln (2)\) 0.57 ln ( 2 ) to \(0.67\,\ln (2)\) 0.67 ln ( 2 ) , corresponding to true-positive (detection) probabilities above 90% and false-positive (dark count) probabilities below 10% per detection interval. These results suggest a viable path to low-noise, high-efficiency single-photon detection at microwave frequencies.