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<p>Bone density loss is a major concern for astronauts in space, largely due to altered mechanical stimuli in microgravity. These changes are thought to impact bone cells by directly affecting musculoskeletal cell physiology and disrupting mechanosensing and mechanotransduction pathways. This review focuses on the role of the primary cilium, a small, non-motile cellular structure, involved in these processes. Previously underestimated, the primary cilium is now known to act as a mechano- and chemo-sensor on the surface of most vertebrate cells, transmitting signals via multiple intracellular pathways. The primary cilium senses the extracellular fluid flow and its dynamic changes in physiological and pathological conditions, which may include exposure to microgravity, connecting its inactivation to bone density loss. This systematic review will compile and analyze current data on how weightlessness affects the mechanosensing functions of the primary cilium and its role in bone homeostasis disruption.</p>

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Effects of microgravity mechanotransduction in bone tissue and cells: systematic review on primary cilium-dependent mechanisms

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月14日

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  • Domiziano D. Tosi,
  • Federica Tiberio,
  • Lorena Di Pietro,
  • Luca Polito,
  • Ornella Parolini,
  • Angelo Minotti,
  • Alessandro Arcovito,
  • Wanda Lattanzi

摘要

Bone density loss is a major concern for astronauts in space, largely due to altered mechanical stimuli in microgravity. These changes are thought to impact bone cells by directly affecting musculoskeletal cell physiology and disrupting mechanosensing and mechanotransduction pathways. This review focuses on the role of the primary cilium, a small, non-motile cellular structure, involved in these processes. Previously underestimated, the primary cilium is now known to act as a mechano- and chemo-sensor on the surface of most vertebrate cells, transmitting signals via multiple intracellular pathways. The primary cilium senses the extracellular fluid flow and its dynamic changes in physiological and pathological conditions, which may include exposure to microgravity, connecting its inactivation to bone density loss. This systematic review will compile and analyze current data on how weightlessness affects the mechanosensing functions of the primary cilium and its role in bone homeostasis disruption.