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<p>The oral microbiota plays a vital role in human health, yet most studies have focused on individual bacterial taxa. To provide a more comprehensive understanding, we analyzed tongue microbiota data from 729 Japanese individuals and classified samples into three types (orotypes): <i>Neisseria</i>-dominant (N), <i>Prevotella</i>-dominant (P), and <i>Streptococcus</i>-dominant (S) types. Each orotype exhibited distinct co-occurrence network structures and was associated with lifestyle factors such as oral care, diet, and smoking. The S type was associated with higher odds of abnormal oral health and metabolic syndrome-related outcomes compared to the N type. In addition, we developed a robust classification model (ROC–AUC &gt; 0.95) to predict orotypes, which showed temporal stability in nearly half of individuals over a 6-year period. These findings highlight the value of orotype classification for monitoring tongue microbial communities and suggest its potential in health risk assessment.</p>

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Classification of the tongue microbiota and its associations with lifestyle factors and health status

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月26日

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  • Toshitaka Yamauchi,
  • Naoko Waki,
  • Shigenori Suzuki,
  • Tsukasa Tanaka,
  • Shintaro Yokoyama,
  • Koichi Murashita,
  • Tatsuya Mikami,
  • Yoshinori Tamada,
  • Ken Itoh,
  • Yoshihiro Tamura,
  • Wataru Kobayashi

摘要

The oral microbiota plays a vital role in human health, yet most studies have focused on individual bacterial taxa. To provide a more comprehensive understanding, we analyzed tongue microbiota data from 729 Japanese individuals and classified samples into three types (orotypes): Neisseria-dominant (N), Prevotella-dominant (P), and Streptococcus-dominant (S) types. Each orotype exhibited distinct co-occurrence network structures and was associated with lifestyle factors such as oral care, diet, and smoking. The S type was associated with higher odds of abnormal oral health and metabolic syndrome-related outcomes compared to the N type. In addition, we developed a robust classification model (ROC–AUC > 0.95) to predict orotypes, which showed temporal stability in nearly half of individuals over a 6-year period. These findings highlight the value of orotype classification for monitoring tongue microbial communities and suggest its potential in health risk assessment.