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<p>Plant guard cells perceive pathogens and close stomata to prevent their invasion. Biomolecular condensates are membraneless organelles essential for life processes. However, guard cell biomolecular condensates mediating stomatal immunity remain unknown. Here we identify a guard-cell-preferential RNA-recognition-motif-type RNA-BINDING PROTEIN, STOMATAL IMMUNE RNA-BINDING PROTEIN 1 (SAIR1), that forms pathogen-responsive guard cell condensates via phase separation. Upon perception of the pathogen molecular pattern flg22, the activated kinases MPK3 and MPK6 phosphorylate SAIR1 and trigger its condensation in guard cells for stomatal immunity. SAIR1 condensates recruit translational regulators such as POLYADENYLATE-BINDING PROTEINs and eIFiso4G, and sequester defence-related mRNAs, including key components of the salicylic acid pathway. Through these interactions, SAIR1 condensates enhance the translation of defence mRNAs, ultimately promoting stomatal closure. Our findings reveal phosphorylation-regulated SAIR1 condensates as a critical hub that links flg22–MPK3/6 signalling to stomatal immunity.</p>

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Pathogen-induced condensation of the guard cell RNA-binding protein SAIR1 fine-tunes translation for immunity

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月13日

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  • Qiangsheng Yu,
  • Jie Wu,
  • Yunfan Jin,
  • Tianxue Song,
  • Wenrui Wang,
  • Yuejuan Zeng,
  • Huang Huang,
  • Haiteng Deng,
  • Wei Wang,
  • Jianghui Xie,
  • Zhi John Lu,
  • Xiaofeng Fang,
  • Susheng Song,
  • Tiancong Qi

摘要

Plant guard cells perceive pathogens and close stomata to prevent their invasion. Biomolecular condensates are membraneless organelles essential for life processes. However, guard cell biomolecular condensates mediating stomatal immunity remain unknown. Here we identify a guard-cell-preferential RNA-recognition-motif-type RNA-BINDING PROTEIN, STOMATAL IMMUNE RNA-BINDING PROTEIN 1 (SAIR1), that forms pathogen-responsive guard cell condensates via phase separation. Upon perception of the pathogen molecular pattern flg22, the activated kinases MPK3 and MPK6 phosphorylate SAIR1 and trigger its condensation in guard cells for stomatal immunity. SAIR1 condensates recruit translational regulators such as POLYADENYLATE-BINDING PROTEINs and eIFiso4G, and sequester defence-related mRNAs, including key components of the salicylic acid pathway. Through these interactions, SAIR1 condensates enhance the translation of defence mRNAs, ultimately promoting stomatal closure. Our findings reveal phosphorylation-regulated SAIR1 condensates as a critical hub that links flg22–MPK3/6 signalling to stomatal immunity.