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<p>Insect wing polyphenism enables a single genome to produce distinct wing morphs in response to environmental cues, yet its underlying cellular determinants remain elusive. Here, we perform single-cell RNA sequencing of long-winged- and short-winged-destined wing buds of <i>Pyrrhocoris apterus</i> and <i>Nilaparvata lugens</i>, identifying six conserved cell types with comparable proportions between the two morphs. RNA interference-mediated silencing of 51 marker genes indicates that wing-patterning genes <i>En</i> (epithelial-like cells) and <i>bs</i> (tracheal cells), and cell-cycle genes <i>Anln</i>, <i>CycB3</i>, and <i>cdk1</i> (neuron cells), are essential for long-winged development, among which <i>En</i> exhibits a specific temporal requirement. Flow cytometry analysis shows that long-winged formation mainly relies on an extended duration of cell proliferation. Cross-species comparisons indicate shared wing cell identities. Our findings indicate that hemipteran short-winged morphs may evolve from ancestral long-winged forms via precise regulation of wing-patterning and cell-cycle gene expression in epithelial‑like, tracheal, and neuron cells. This provides insights into the developmental plasticity of insect tissues at single‑cell resolution.</p>

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A single-cell atlas of alternative wing development in two hemipteran species

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月2日

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  • Yi Wan,
  • Hui-Jie Wu,
  • Heng-Guang Huang,
  • Zhuo-Qi Liu,
  • Zhao-Xiang Sun,
  • Zhang-Nv Yang,
  • Hai-Jun Xu

摘要

Insect wing polyphenism enables a single genome to produce distinct wing morphs in response to environmental cues, yet its underlying cellular determinants remain elusive. Here, we perform single-cell RNA sequencing of long-winged- and short-winged-destined wing buds of Pyrrhocoris apterus and Nilaparvata lugens, identifying six conserved cell types with comparable proportions between the two morphs. RNA interference-mediated silencing of 51 marker genes indicates that wing-patterning genes En (epithelial-like cells) and bs (tracheal cells), and cell-cycle genes Anln, CycB3, and cdk1 (neuron cells), are essential for long-winged development, among which En exhibits a specific temporal requirement. Flow cytometry analysis shows that long-winged formation mainly relies on an extended duration of cell proliferation. Cross-species comparisons indicate shared wing cell identities. Our findings indicate that hemipteran short-winged morphs may evolve from ancestral long-winged forms via precise regulation of wing-patterning and cell-cycle gene expression in epithelial‑like, tracheal, and neuron cells. This provides insights into the developmental plasticity of insect tissues at single‑cell resolution.