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<p>Previous efforts to link Palaeolithic cultural records to specific populations through DNA analysis have focused on materials from archaeological floor deposits such as bones, sediments, and artefacts. In this study, we explore whether rock art, a spatially distinct expression of human activity, can also preserve DNA traces from its creators. We analyse DNA preservation in pigment samples collected in and around 24 rock art panels from 11 caves across Spain and Portugal, including simple marks (from nine sites), hand stencils (Maltravieso Cave, Extremadura, Spain), and figurative paintings (Cave of Altamira, Cantabria, Spain). We recover traces of ancient human mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, unaccompanied by faunal DNA, from a pigmented calcite crust at Escoural Cave (Portugal), as well as from an unpigmented cave wall sample from the same site. The absence of faunal DNA in both samples suggests direct DNA deposition through human contact. In contrast, three additional unpigmented samples, from Escoural and Covarón Cave (Asturias, Spain), yielded mixtures of human and faunal DNA, suggesting indirect deposition. Although our results do not conclusively link ancient human DNA preservation to the generation of cave art, we show that traces of human DNA can persist on cave walls for thousands of years.</p>

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Investigating ancient human DNA preservation on cave walls and in rock art

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月23日

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  • Alba Bossoms Mesa,
  • Elena Essel,
  • Louisa Jáuregui,
  • Aurore Galtier,
  • Elena I. Zavala,
  • Kevin Nota,
  • Merlin Szymanski,
  • Julia Zorn,
  • Hugo Gomes,
  • George H. Nash,
  • Pierluigi Rosina,
  • Virginia Lattao,
  • Luiz Oosterbeek,
  • Carlos Carpetudo,
  • Nelson A. Almeida,
  • Carmen de las Heras,
  • Pilar Fatás,
  • Alfredo Prada,
  • Lucía M. Díaz-González,
  • M. Elena Sánchez-Moral,
  • Alberto Martínez Villa,
  • Mario Menéndez Fernández,
  • José Julio García Arranz,
  • Genevieve von Petzinger,
  • Pedro Cantalejo,
  • Luis-Efrén Fernández,
  • José Ramos-Muñoz,
  • Diego S. Fernández Sánchez,
  • Hugo A. Mira,
  • Emilio Muñoz Fernández,
  • Ramón Montes-Barquín,
  • Roberto Ontañón,
  • Janet Kelso,
  • Kay Prüfer,
  • Benjamin Vernot,
  • Mateja Hajdinjak,
  • Qingfeng Shao,
  • Sara Garcês,
  • Hipólito Collado Giraldo,
  • Matthias Meyer

摘要

Previous efforts to link Palaeolithic cultural records to specific populations through DNA analysis have focused on materials from archaeological floor deposits such as bones, sediments, and artefacts. In this study, we explore whether rock art, a spatially distinct expression of human activity, can also preserve DNA traces from its creators. We analyse DNA preservation in pigment samples collected in and around 24 rock art panels from 11 caves across Spain and Portugal, including simple marks (from nine sites), hand stencils (Maltravieso Cave, Extremadura, Spain), and figurative paintings (Cave of Altamira, Cantabria, Spain). We recover traces of ancient human mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, unaccompanied by faunal DNA, from a pigmented calcite crust at Escoural Cave (Portugal), as well as from an unpigmented cave wall sample from the same site. The absence of faunal DNA in both samples suggests direct DNA deposition through human contact. In contrast, three additional unpigmented samples, from Escoural and Covarón Cave (Asturias, Spain), yielded mixtures of human and faunal DNA, suggesting indirect deposition. Although our results do not conclusively link ancient human DNA preservation to the generation of cave art, we show that traces of human DNA can persist on cave walls for thousands of years.