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<p>Ultrahigh-strength steels with yield strengths exceeding 3 GPa and appreciable ductility represent a transformative frontier in materials science. Conventional strengthening approaches, such as cold-work hardening, however, inevitably trade strength for total elongation, and thus are unable to deliver ductile 3 GPa steel. Here, we present a hierarchical microstructural architecture strategy applied to a designed maraging steel (Fe-16Ni-7Mo-1.6Ti-15Co-0.1Al, wt.%) that synergizes tailored precipitations with high-temperature severe plastic deformation. The multi-misfit nano co-precipitates, a high but spatially uniform density of dislocations, and ultrafine equiaxed grains are orchestrated into a hierarchical microstructure that delocalizes stress concentrations that commonly embrittle ultrahigh-strength materials and converts brittle cleavage fracture to ductile dimpling. Remarkably, the steel demonstrates 3 GPa yield strength with 47.5% reduction in area, 7.0% tensile elongation, and fracture toughness (<i>K</i><sub>Ic</sub>) of 26.0 ± 0.2 MPa·m<sup>1/2</sup>, which far surpasses existing 3 GPa steels. Moreover, as it exhibits an excellent fatigue strength of 1.24 GPa at ambient temperature and a yield strength of 2 GPa at 500 °C, which is achieved in industrially viable billets, this strategy unlocks scalable damage-tolerant components for extreme environments.</p>

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Ductile and scalable 3 GPa steel via a hierarchical microstructural architecture

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月18日

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  • Ruming Geng,
  • Yue Liu,
  • Peiwen Tang,
  • Xiaoyuan Yuan,
  • Leilei Li,
  • Yu Liu,
  • Hanqi Wang,
  • Lijing Zheng,
  • Simin Lei,
  • Yandong Sun,
  • Yuxian Cao,
  • Xinyang Li,
  • Shun Han,
  • Yong Li,
  • Robert O. Ritchie,
  • Shiteng Zhao,
  • Huibin Xu,
  • Chunxu Wang

摘要

Ultrahigh-strength steels with yield strengths exceeding 3 GPa and appreciable ductility represent a transformative frontier in materials science. Conventional strengthening approaches, such as cold-work hardening, however, inevitably trade strength for total elongation, and thus are unable to deliver ductile 3 GPa steel. Here, we present a hierarchical microstructural architecture strategy applied to a designed maraging steel (Fe-16Ni-7Mo-1.6Ti-15Co-0.1Al, wt.%) that synergizes tailored precipitations with high-temperature severe plastic deformation. The multi-misfit nano co-precipitates, a high but spatially uniform density of dislocations, and ultrafine equiaxed grains are orchestrated into a hierarchical microstructure that delocalizes stress concentrations that commonly embrittle ultrahigh-strength materials and converts brittle cleavage fracture to ductile dimpling. Remarkably, the steel demonstrates 3 GPa yield strength with 47.5% reduction in area, 7.0% tensile elongation, and fracture toughness (KIc) of 26.0 ± 0.2 MPa·m1/2, which far surpasses existing 3 GPa steels. Moreover, as it exhibits an excellent fatigue strength of 1.24 GPa at ambient temperature and a yield strength of 2 GPa at 500 °C, which is achieved in industrially viable billets, this strategy unlocks scalable damage-tolerant components for extreme environments.