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<p>Inverted flexible organic solar cells (F-OSCs) require low-temperature processing, but sol-gel ZnO as widely used electron transport layers (ETLs) demand high-temperature annealing above 150 <sup>o</sup>C, limiting incompatibility with plastic substrates. Here we introduce a ligand-directed strategy using N,N-dimethylethylenediamine (DMEN) that stabilizes the precursor as discrete Zn–O–Zn clusters, suppresses Ostwald ripening, and lowers the crystallization barrier, thus enabling high-quality ZnO ETLs at remarkably low temperatures (&lt;90 <sup>o</sup>C). DMEN-ZnO achieves &gt;17.3% efficiency with PM6:BTP-eC9, matching the performance of ethanolamine-ZnO processed at 200 <sup>o</sup>C. With an ultrathin LiF passivation layer, champion efficiencies of 19.13% (rigid) and 18.01% (flexible) are obtained in the D18:BTP-eC9 system. Flexible devices retain 96% of initial performance after 3000 bending cycles at 4.5 mm radius. This work provides insight into precursor chemistry and crystallization control, establishes a low-temperature, scalable route for ZnO ETLs that bridges the gap between efficiency-flexibility in OSCs.</p>

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Ligand-mediated suppression of Ostwald ripening enables low-temperature sol-gel ZnO for efficient inverted flexible organic photovoltaics

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月23日

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  • Jiaqiang Zhang,
  • Chi Xu,
  • Yongqi Bai,
  • Ran Su,
  • Jiahan Xie,
  • Quan Liu,
  • Ziyi Ge

摘要

Inverted flexible organic solar cells (F-OSCs) require low-temperature processing, but sol-gel ZnO as widely used electron transport layers (ETLs) demand high-temperature annealing above 150 oC, limiting incompatibility with plastic substrates. Here we introduce a ligand-directed strategy using N,N-dimethylethylenediamine (DMEN) that stabilizes the precursor as discrete Zn–O–Zn clusters, suppresses Ostwald ripening, and lowers the crystallization barrier, thus enabling high-quality ZnO ETLs at remarkably low temperatures (<90 oC). DMEN-ZnO achieves >17.3% efficiency with PM6:BTP-eC9, matching the performance of ethanolamine-ZnO processed at 200 oC. With an ultrathin LiF passivation layer, champion efficiencies of 19.13% (rigid) and 18.01% (flexible) are obtained in the D18:BTP-eC9 system. Flexible devices retain 96% of initial performance after 3000 bending cycles at 4.5 mm radius. This work provides insight into precursor chemistry and crystallization control, establishes a low-temperature, scalable route for ZnO ETLs that bridges the gap between efficiency-flexibility in OSCs.